Que. 1. What is the cut-off point of Indian reference man (Kg)?

Ans. 1. 65 Kg

Que. 2. What is the extra energy allowances needed per day during pregnancy?

Ans. 2. More than 350 Kcals.

Que. 3. What are the conditions leading to sodium deficiency?

Ans. 3. The conditions leading to sodium deficiency are as follows –

• Excessive sweating as in hot & humid climate
• Extreme exertion
• Diarrhea
• Dehydration

Que. 4. What is recommended daily energy intake of an adult woman with heavy work?

Ans. 4. 2720 Kcals.

Que. 5. What do you mean by nutrition?

Ans. 5. Nutrition is the science of food and its relationship with human health.

Que. 6. What is the best indicator for monitoring the impact of iodine deficiency disorders control program?

Ans. 6. Neonatal Hypothyroidism.

Que. 7. What do you mean by `proximate principles’?

Ans. 7. Proximate Principles or Macronutrients are the main constituents of food. These include Protein, Carbohydrate & fats.

Que. 8. Where does maximum absorption of iron take place in GIT?

Ans. 8. Duodenum and upper part of small intestine.

Que. 9. What do you understand by the term` micronutrients’?

Ans. 9. Micronutrients are required by the body in very small amount. It includes vitamins & minerals.

Que. 10. What are the tests used to check the efficiency of pasteurization of milk?

Ans. 10. Phosphatase test, Standard plate count & Coliform count.

Que. 11. How will you define Protein Efficiency Ratio?

Ans. 11. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) is defined as:

` The gain in weight of young persons per unit weight of protein consumed.

Que. 12. What is the best test to detect iron deficiency in community?

Ans. 12. Serum ferritin.

Que. 13. What is the extra calorie requirements for a lactating woman during first 6 months?

Ans. 13. More than 600 Kcals/day.

Que. 14. What are the ideal sources of iodine among natural foods?

Ans. 14. Sea foods and vegetables grown in iodine rich soils.

Que. 15. What do you mean by goitrogens?

Ans. 15. Goitrogens, on consumption in excess quantities may lead to development of goiter by rendering the iodine present in food unavailable to the body. These are inactivated by heating.

Que. 16. What are the important functions of iodine?

Ans. 16. Important functions of iodine are as follows –

• Integral component of thyroid hormones.
• Fetus and neonates require iodine for normal protein metabolism in the brain and CNS.

Que. 17. What are essential amino-acids?

Ans. 17. Essential amino acids are those amino acids which cannot be synthesized in human body in amounts needed by the body & thus required by dietary sources.

Que. 18. Give few examples of essential amino acids.

Ans. 18. Examples of Essential Amino acids are –

• Histidine
• Isoleucine
• Leucine
• Lysine
• Methionine
• Phenylalanine
• Threonine
• Tryptophan
• Valine

In total there are 9 essential amino acids.

Que. 19. What is the daily requirement of iodine in adults & pregnant women?

Ans. 19. For an adult- 150 microgram; for pregnancy- 250 microgram daily.

Que. 20. Which amino acids are essential for premature babies?

Ans. 20. Cysteine & Tyrosine

Que. 21. What is recommended daily allowances of zinc?

Ans. 21. 17 mg for men and 13 mg for females.

Que. 22. Which trace element cannot be completely supplemented by diet in Pregnancy?

Ans. 22. Iron (Fe)

Que. 23. What is the RDA of selenium?

Ans. 23. 40 microgram.

Que. 24. Which amino acid is deficient in maize?

Ans. 24. Tryptophan.

Que. 25. What is the RDA of fluorine?

Ans. 25. 1mg/day.

Que. 26. How does calcium homeostasis maintained in the body?

Ans. 26. Maintained by vitamin D and parathyroid hormones.

Que. 27. What are the manifestations of Niacin deficiency?

Ans. 27. Manifestations may be categorized as 3 Ds.

• Dermatitis
• Diarrhoea
• Dementia

Que. 28. What should be ideal sodium potassium ratio in the diet?

Ans. 28. Should be 1:1.

Que. 29. What is the RDA of Magnesium in adults?

Ans. 29. 440 mg in men and 370 mg in females.

Que. 30. When will you call a protein to be ` biologically complete’?

Ans. 30. One can call a protein to be biologically complete if it contains all essential amino acids in amount required by the body, e.g. Egg & milk proteins.

Que. 31. Which food item does satisfy the criteria of reference protein?

Ans. 31. Egg Protein.

Que. 32. What do you mean by limiting amino acids?

Ans. 32. Amino acid which is deficient in a given food source is called limiting amino acid. E.g.  Methionine in pulses; Lysine & Threonine in cereals.

Que. 33. What do you mean by supplementary action of proteins?

Ans. 33. When two or more vegetable proteins are consumed together; their proteins supplement one other & mixture provides a protein comparable to animal protein containing all required essential amino acids e.g. Rice-dhal/Roti-Dhal combination. This is known as supplementary action of proteins. That forms basis for counseling people to consume mixed diets.

Que. 34. Whether rice is a good source of Vitamin C & iron?

Ans. 34. Poor source.

Que. 35. In which condition, Nalgonda Technique is used?

Ans. 35. Endemic Fluorosis

Que. 36. What are the advantages of parboiling of rice?

Ans. 36. The advantages of parboiling of rice are as follows –

• Parboiling causes the B group vitamins in the outer layers to get entered into the interior of grains (endosperm) thus saving them from being lost during milling.
• Drying the rice causes the germ to attach firmly to the grain, so that germ is not lost during milling and polishing.
• On heating rice, it becomes hard and the starch gets gelatinized. This increases the keeping quality and storage capacity of rice.
• The parboiled rice is more resistant to insects.

Que. 37. What does Mid-Day Meals provided in schools provide?

Ans. 37. 1/3 of total calories & ½ of protein requirement.

Que. 38. What is the calorie requirement at one year of age?

Ans. 38. 1010 Kcals/day.

Que. 39. What are the parameters required for protein evaluation?

Ans. 39. Parameters required for protein evaluation are-

• Biological value
• Digestibility coefficient
• Protein efficiency ratio
• Net protein utilization(NPU)

Que. 40. What are the indicators to assess the state of protein nutrition?

Ans. 40. Indicators for assessment of protein nutritional status are-

• Arm –muscle Circumference
• Creatinine – height index
• Serum Albumin
• Serum transferring
• Total body nutrition

Que. 41. Which is the best measure of the state of protein nutrition?

Ans. 41. Serum Albumin Concentration.

Normal- >3.5 g/dl

Mild Malnutrition – 3.5 g/dl

Severe Malnutrition – 3.0 g/dl

Que. 42. Who is called queen of pulses and legumes?

Ans. 42. Soya beans.

Que. 43. What is recommended protein requirement for an adult (ICMR)?

Ans. 43. Around 0.83 gm/KBW.

Que. 44. Which drug is supposed to prevent congenital neural tube defects?

Ans. 44. Folic Acid

Que. 45. How much calories does one lire of cow’s milk provide?

Ans. 45. Provides 670 Kcal of energy.

Que. 46. Which is the most common cause of dental caries in children?

Ans. 46. Fluorosis.

Que. 47. Whether fermentation does not improve the nutritive value of pulses?

Ans. 47. Improves the nutritive value.

Que. 48. What is the weight of an Indian reference women?

Ans. 48. 55 kg.

Que. 49. In which animal food, vitamin D is absent?

Ans. 49. Milk.

Que. 50. What is the skimmed milk?

Ans. 50. Milk from which fat has been removed is called skimmed milk.

Que. 51. In which animal food, vitamin D is found in maximum quantity?

Ans. 51. Cod liver oil.

Que. 52. Which pulse has the highest content of iron?

Ans. 52. Soya bean

Que. 53. How much extra energy is required to accumulate one kilogram of adipose tissue?

Ans. 53. 7700 Kcal of energy

Que. 54. The polyunsaturated fatty acids are mostly found in vegetable oils. Which vegetable oils are rich in saturated fatty acids?

Ans. 54. Coconut oils & Palm oils.

Que. 55. Give example of animal fat which is rich in poly & monounsaturated fatty acids.

Ans. 55. Fish oil.

Que. 56. What are the essential fatty acids?

Ans. 56. Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized in human body & have to be derived from the food.

Que. 57. Which is the most important essential fatty acids which help in production of other essential fatty acids?

Ans. 57. Linoleic acid.

Que. 58. What do you mean by invisible fats?

Ans. 58. Invisible fats are the fats which neither we can see nor can estimate their intake easily. There are present in almost every article of food e.g. cereals, pulses eggs, milk etc. Invisible fats are the major constituents of total fat intake.

Que. 59. What is VANASPATI? Is it fortified?

Ans. 59. It is a semisolid or solid fat derived from hydrogenated vegetable oil. It is also called vegetable Ghee. It is fortified with vitamin A & D.

Vitamin A – 2500 IU/100 gm & Vitamin D – 175 IU/100 gm.

Que. 60. What is the drawback of Vanaspati?

Ans. 60. Drawbacks are –

• Lacks fat soluble vitamins.
• During the process of hydrogenation, unsaturated fatty acids are converted into saturated acids & EFA content is reduced.

Que. 61. What is the maximum permissible level of trans-fats in a day?

Ans. 61. Less than 1% of total energy intake.

Que. 62. What is the use of refining of oils?

Ans. 62. – To remove the free fatty acids & rancid materials

• To improve quality of oils
• To improve taste of oils
• Preserves the unsaturated fatty acid content of the oil.

Que. 63. What are the health hazards of high fat intake?

Ans. 63. Health Hazards of high fat intake are –

• Obesity
• Coronary heart disease
• Breast & Colon cancer
• Hypertensive disorders

Que. 64. What do you mean by Phrenoderma?

Ans. 64. Deficiency of essential fatty acids in diet leads to a skin condition known as Phrenoderma. It is characterized by horny popular eruptions on lower limbs & buttocks.

Que. 65. What is the recommendation of ICMR regarding daily fat intake?

Ans. 65. ICMR recommendation is daily intake of not more than 20% of total energy intake through fats.

Que. 66. What is the concentration of iron recommended for children 1-3 years age?

Ans. 66. 8 mg/day.

Que. 67. What do you mean by the term weaning?

Ans. 67. It is the gradual replacement of breast milk with other foods in infants.

Que. 68. What is the recommended iron intake for pregnant women?

Ans. 68. 27 mg per day.

Que. 69. Sorghum & Maize are pellagrogenic due to excess of …………….?

Ans. 69. Leucine

Que. 70. Eating which grain causes ergotism?

Ans. 70. Bajra.

Que. 71. What is the cause of epidemic dropsy?

Ans. 71. Sanguinarine.

Que. 72. Which method of assessment of quality of proteins does give more & complete assessment of protein quality?

Ans. 72. Net Protein utilization.

Que. 73. How many feeds are required during weaning from 6-12 months for an infant?

Ans. 73. 4-5 feeds per day.

Que. 74. What is the recommended protein intake in adult women?

Ans. 74. 46 gm/day.

Que. 75. What are the types of dietary fibers?

Ans. 75. Two types – Insoluble fibers & soluble fibers.

Insoluble fibers include cellulose, hemi-cellulose & lignin and soluble fibers include pectin, gums & mucilage.

Que. 76. What are the advantages of dietary fibers?

Ans. 76. Advantages are as follows-

• Reduces constipation by increasing bowel movements
• Reduces the chances of stomach & colon cancers.
• Reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease
• Have no metabolic effects
• Reduces blood glucose & cholesterol levels

Que. 77. What is the recommended daily dietary intake of fibers?

Ans. 77. 30 grams/ intake of 2000 kcal.

Que. 78. Name water soluble vitamins.

Ans. 78. B group vitamins & vitamin C.

Que. 79. Name the fat soluble vitamins.

Ans. 79. Vitamin A, D, E & K.

Que. 80. What are the functions of vitamin A?

Ans. 80. Functions are as follows-

• Helps in vision in dim light
• Essential for integrity & functioning of epithelial & glandular tissues lining the intestinal, urinary, respiratory tracts, eyes & skin.
• Needed for skeletal growth
• Helps in preventing infection
• Evidence suggests that it may protect against epithelial cancers such as bronchial cancers.

Que. 81. What do you mean by Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)?

Ans. 81. PEM is a malnutrition resulting from the deficiency of protein and/or energy in diet.

Que. 82. What are the important sources of vitamin A?

Ans. 82. – Liver, Eggs, Butter, Cheese, milk, fish & meat (Animal Sources)

• Green leafy Vegetables.

Que. 83. In which part of body Vitamin A is stored in the form of Retinal Palmitate?

Ans. 83. Liver

Que. 84. Name the deficiency disease resulting from vitamin A deficiency?

Ans. 84. XEROPHTHALMIA.

Que. 85. What is the first symptom of vitamin A deficiency?

Ans. 85. Night Blindness.

Que. 86. What is the first sign of Vitamin A deficiency?

Ans. 86. Conjunctival Xerosis (Dryness of conjunctiva).

Que. 87. Bitot’s spots are found in which vitamin deficiency?

Ans. 87. Vitamin A deficiency disease (Xerophthalmia).

Que. 88. What is the treatment of Vitamin A deficiency?

Ans. 88. Two doses of 2 Lakh IU or 110 mg of retinal palmitate on two successive days orally.

All children with corneal ulcer should receive treatment of vitamin A deficiency.

Que. 89. What is the preventive measures in vitamin A deficiency?

Ans. 89. A) Long term measures –

• Intake regularly vitamin A rich food
• Reducing or controlling PEM, Measles, Diarrhoea & respiratory tract infections

1. B) Short term Measures –

–  Vitamin A Prophylaxis.

Que. 90. What does Vitamin A Prophylaxis include?

Ans. 90. It includes administration of 2 lakhs IU of Retinol Palmitate orally every 6 months to children 1 year to 5 years age & 1 Lakh IU to children between 6 months & one year age group.

Que. 91. What is the recommended daily allowances of Vitamin A?

Ans. 91. 1000 micrograms for adult males and 840 micrograms for adult females.

Que. 92. Who had introduced the term protein calorie malnutrition (PCM)?

Ans. 92. Jelliffe in 1959.

Que. 93. Which vitamin is derived by exposure to sunlight?

Ans. 93. Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol).

Que. 94. What is the function of Vitamin D in human body?

Ans. 94. Functions of vitamin D are as follows –

• Stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium & phosphorus.
• Stimulates mineralization of bone & affects collagen maturation
• Promotes tubular reabsorption of phosphorus. Has variable effect on calcium reabsorption
• Permits normal Growth.

Que. 95. What are the dietary sources of vitamin D?

Ans. 95. Liver, egg yolk, butter, fish & cheese (Animal origin) are the rich sources of vitamin D.

Que. 96. What are the diseases caused by vitamin D deficiency?

Ans. 96. 1) Rickets – In young children (6 months to 2 years)

2)Osteomalacia – In adults (especially in women)

Que. 97. What are the daily requirements of Vitamin D?

Ans. 97. In adults ————– 600 IU

In Infants & Children ———— 400-600 IU

In Pregnancy & Lactation———- 600 IU.

Que. 98. What are the measures of prevention of Vitamin D deficiency Diseases?

Ans. 98. 1) Daily exposure to sunlight

2) Vitamin D prophylaxis

3) Intake of diet rich in animal foods

4) Food fortification with vitamin D e.g. milk, Vanaspati etc.

Que. 99. Excess intake of which vitamins lead to its toxicity?

Ans. 99. Vitamin A, D & E.

Que. 100. What are the clinical features of marasmus?

Ans. 100. Clinical features of Marasmus are as follows –

Constant features –

• Growth retardation
• Wasting of muscles and subcutaneous fat
• Wisened old man look

Other features –

• Hair changes like easily pluck able hair
• Infection
• Vitamin deficiency
• No psychomotor changes

Que. 101. What are the clinical features of Kwashiorkor?

Ans. 101. Constant features –

• Edema
• Growth retardation
• Muscle wasting
• Retention of subcutaneous fat
• Psychomotor changes

Other features –

• Hair changes – flag sign
• Diffuse pigmentation of skin and dermatoses (flaky Paint dermatosis)
• Moon face
• Anemia
• Hepatomegaly
• Associated vitamin and mineral deficiencies
• Associated acute infections.

Que. 102. Which vitamin’s deficiency does not result in Disease?

Ans. 102. Vitamin E (Tocopherols)

Que. 103. Which form of vitamin E is biologically most potent?

Ans. 103. Alpha – Tocopherol

Que. 104. What are the rich sources of vitamin E?

Ans. 104. Foods rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids are also rich in vitamin E. Rich sources are vegetable oils, cotton seed, egg yolk & butter.

Que. 105. What is the cutoff value of hemoglobin to be called as anemic in non-pregnant women?

Ans. 170. 12.0 gm%.

Que. 106. What is the cutoff value of hemoglobin to be called as anemic in pregnant women?

Ans. 106. 11.0 gm%.

Que. 107. What is the cutoff value of hemoglobin to be called as anemic in children (6months – 5 years)?

Ans. 107. 11.0 gm%.

Que. 108. Long term use of antibiotics can lead to deficiency of which vitamin?

Ans. 108. Vitamin K.

Que. 109. What does the deficiency of vitamin K causes?

Ans. 109. Deficiency of vitamin K increases the blood clotting time by decreasing the prothrombin content of the blood.

Que. 110. Where does the vitamin K in body get stored?

Ans. 110. LIVER.

Que. 111. Which vitamin is lost by washing & cooking of rice?

Ans. 111. Vitamin B1.

Que. 112. Which vitamin is lost by cooking cereals with baking soda?

Ans. 112. Vitamin B1.

Que. 113. Which is the disease caused by deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1)?

Ans. 113. Beriberi & Wernicke’s encephalopathy.

Que. 114. Which vitamin deficiency has a relation with chronic alcoholism?

Ans. 114. Vitamin B1.

Que. 115. What is the main source of thiamine for Indians?

Ans. 115. Rice & wheat.

Que. 116. What is the recommended daily requirement for thiamine in pregnancy?

Ans. 116. 2.0 mg per day.

Que. 117. What do you mean by Anemia?

Ans. 117. As per WHO, anemia is a condition in which the hemoglobin content is lower than normal as a result of deficiency of essential nutrients, regardless of the cause of such deficiency.

Que. 118. How will you classify anemia as public health problem?

Ans. 118.

Que. 119. Which B group vitamin is found richly in germinating pulses & cereals?

Ans. 119. Riboflavin (vitamin B2).

Que. 120. What are the features of riboflavin deficiency?

Ans. 120. Features of riboflavin deficiency are –

• Angular stomatitis.
• Cheilosis
• Glossitis
• Nasolabial dyssebacia.

Que. 121. What is the daily requirement of riboflavin in adult males?

Ans. 121. 2.0 – 3.2 mg per day.

Que. 122. What are the main causes of iron deficiency anemia?

Ans. 122. Main causes are as follows –

• Inadequate intake of iron
• Poor absorption and bioavailability of iron
• Excessive loss of iron
• Increased demand of iron

Que. 123. Which amino acid is the precursor of niacin?

Ans. 123. TRYPTOPHAN. 60 mg of tryptophan converts to 1 mg of niacin.

Que. 124. What does the deficiency of niacin causes?

Ans. 124. Pellagra disease.

Que. 125. Which are the weaknesses of National IDD Control Program?

Ans. 125. The weaknesses are as follows –

• Lack of awareness
• Lack of salt monitoring at all levels
• Lack of intersectoral coordination
• Salt manufacturing is still mostly outsourced and ran as a private business

Que. 126. Why Pellagra is more common in Maize & Jowar eaters?

Ans. 126. Maize & Jowar contain excess of leucine which interferes the conversion of tryptophan to Niacin in human body.

Que. 127. If >10% of children (8-12 years) in a given population are found to be goitrous, is it endemic goiter?

Ans. 127. Yes.

Que. 128. What are the forms of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) in which it exists?

Ans. 128. 3 forms ——-1) Pyridoxine

2) Pyridoxal

3) Pyridoxamine

Que. 129. What does the deficiency of pyridoxine (B6) causes?

Ans. 129. Peripheral Neuritis.

Que. 130. Which vitamin deficiency does impair the optimal utilization of Pyridoxine?

Ans. 130. Riboflavin.

Que. 131. Which vitamin is supplemented to patients on INH therapy & why?

Ans. 131. Pyridoxine (vitamin B6). INH is an antagonist to pyridoxine therefore supplementation is required.

Que. 132. What should be the daily intake of Pyridoxine in adults?

Ans. 132. 1.9 – 3.1 mg/day for adults (+ 2.5 mg/day in pregnancy & +5 mg/day in lactation).

Que. 133. Give few examples of goitrogens.

Ans. 133. Vegetables of Brassica family e.g. mustard, cabbage etc.

Que. 134. What is the role of pantothenic acid (B5) in body?

Ans. 134. It helps in biosynthesis of corticosteroids in human body.

Que. 135. What is the daily requirement of pantothenic acid?

Ans. 135. 5 mg daily.

Que. 136. What is the role of folate/ folic acid in human body?

Ans. 136. Folic acid plays an important role in biosynthesis of nucleic acids. Also required for normal development of blood cells in the bone marrow.

Que. 137. Overcooking of food destroys which vitamin?

Ans. 137. Folate/Folic Acid.

Que. 138. What is the folate daily intake recommended for adults, children & pregnant/lactating women?

Ans. 138. Adults ————————– 220-300 mcg

Children ———————— 120 – 220 mcg

Pregnancy ———————- 570 mcg

Lactation ————————– 330 mcg   *(1)

Que. 139. Which vitamin has cobalt atom in it?

Ans. 139. Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin).

Que. 140. What is the role of vitamin B12 in the human body?

Ans. 140. It helps in synthesis of DNA along with folates. Also helps in synthesis of fatty acids in myelin.

Que. 141. Which vitamin does require intrinsic factor from stomach for its absorption?

Ans. 141. Vitamin B12 (absorption in terminal ileum).

Que. 142. What are the rich sources of vitamin B12?

Ans. 142. Synthesized by bacteria present in colon.

Important sources are liver, kidney, egg, milk, cheese, meat & fish.

Not found in vegetable foods.

Que. 143. What does deficiency of vitamin B12 cause?

Ans. 143. Pernicious Anemia (Megaloblastic Anemia).

Que. 144. What is the recommended dietary allowances for vitamin B12?

Ans. 144. Normal Adults ——————-2.2 mcg/day

Pregnancy & Lactation——————- + 0.25 mcg/day & + 1.0 mcg/day respectively

Infants & children ———————— 1.2 – 2.2 mcg/day

Que. 145. What is the WHO criteria for monitoring progress towards sustainable IDD elimination?

Ans. 145. Salt iodization coverage or proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt should be more than 90%.

Que. 146. How will you classify goiter?

Ans. 146.

Que. 147. Which is the most sensitive vitamin to heat?

Ans. 147. Vitamin C.

Que. 148. What is the role of vitamin C in human body?

Ans. 148. 1) Act as an antioxidant.

2) Required for the formation of collagen.

3) Reduces ferric ions to ferrous ions thus promotes absorption of iron from vegetable foods.

4) Inhibits nitrosamine formation by intestinal mucosa.

Que. 149. What are the rich sources of Vitamin C?

Ans. 149. Fresh fruits, green leafy vegetables, Amla, Guava & germinating seeds.

Que. 150. What does the deficiency of vitamin C cause?

Ans. 150. Scurvey.

Que. 151. Swollen & bleeding gums, subcutaneous bruising or bleeding into the skin or joints, delayed wound healing, anemia & weakness are the features of deficiency of which vitamin?

Ans. 151. Vitamin C.

Que. 152. What is the daily requirement of vitamin C?

Ans. 152. 65 to 80 mg.

Que. 153. What do you mean by Trace Elements?

Ans. 153. Elements that are required by the body in small quantities of less than a few milligrams per day is called trace elements.

Que. 154. Give few examples of trace elements?

Ans. 154. Iron, iodine, fluorine, cobalt, copper, zinc, selenium, chromium, manganese, nickel, tin, silicon etc.

Que. 155. Which millet in particular is rich source of calcium?

Ans. 155. Ragi.

Que. 156. What are the rich sources of calcium?

Ans. 156. Milk, Cheese, curd, eggs & fish.

Que. 157. What does affect the absorption of calcium?

Ans. 157. 1) Vitamin D- promotes calcium absorption.

2) Phytates, oxalates & fatty acids in diet – reduces the absorption of calcium.

Que. 158. What is suggested daily intake of calcium?

Ans. 158. 1000 mg for adults.

Que. 159. Name the diseases transmitted through the milk.

Ans. 159. TB, Brucellosis, Q fever, Diarrhea & dysenteries, cholera, enteric fever, viral hepatitis A & Diphtheria.

Que. 160. Whether pasteurization destroys all pathogenic organisms?

Ans. 160. Most pathogenic organisms.

Que. 161. Which mineral is essential for the formation of bones & teeth?

Ans. 161. Phosphorus.

Que. 162. Which is the ideal method of disposing off solid refuse from slaughter house?

Ans. 162. Incineration.

Que. 163. Which mineral deficiency can cause muscular cramps?

Ans. 163. Sodium chloride.

Que. 164. Which are the nutritional programs run by Ministry of Social Welfare?

Ans. 164. – ICDS Program

• Balwadi nutrition program
• Special nutrition program

Que. 165. Which are the nutritional programs run by Ministry of Health & Family Welfare?

Ans. 165.– Prophylaxis against nutritional anemia

• Vitamin A prophylaxis program
• IDD Control program

Que. 166. Which is the nutritional program run by Ministry of Education?

Ans. 166. Mid-Day Meal Program.

Que. 167. Which mineral is essential for the normal metabolism of calcium & phosphorus?

Ans. 167. Magnesium.

Que. 168. In which conditions magnesium deficiency may occur?

Ans. 168. 1) Chronic alcoholism

• Cirrhosis of liver
• Toxaemia of pregnancy
• PEM
• Malabsorption Syndrome

Que. 169. How much of iron is contained in each gram of hemoglobin?

Ans. 169. 3.34 mg of iron.

Que. 170. What are the dietary sources of iron?

Ans. 170. For non-haem iron —– jiggery, green leafy vegetables, cereals, legumes, nuts, oilseeds etc.

For haem –iron ——– liver, meat, fish & poultry

Cooking in iron vessels definitely increase the iron content of food items.

Que. 171. What is the test to detect contamination of mustard oil with argemone oil?

Ans. 171. Nitric Acid test.

Que. 172. What is the cause of lathyrism?

Ans. 172. Consumption of Khesari Dal containing BOAA.

Que. 173. What is the richest source of cholesterol?

Ans. 173. Eggs.

Que. 174. Among the pulses, the highest quality of protein is present in which pulse?

Ans. 174. Soya bean.

Que. 175. Which is the richest source of Vitamin C?

Ans. 175. Indian gooseberry (Amla).

Que. 176. What amount of energy is provided by an egg?

Ans. 176. 70 Kcals.

Que. 177. What do you mean by Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)?

Ans. 177. It is the amount of that nutrient sufficient for the maintenance of health in nearly all people. It is an estimate that corresponds to mean intake of given nutrient + 2 standard deviation.

Que. 178. Castle neck appearance is due to deficiency of which vitamin?

Ans. 178. Niacin.

Que. 179. What is the earliest finding in iron deficiency anemia?

Ans. 179. Reduced Serum Ferritin level.

Que. 180. What is the average daily output of breast milk in an Indian women during first 6 months?

Ans. 180. 450 – 600 CC.

Que. 181. On exposure to sunlight which vitamin is lost?

Ans. 181. Vitamin C & vitamin B2.

Que. 182. Who has coined the term Vitamin?

Ans. 182. Casimer Funk in 1912.

Que. 183. What percentage of Khesari dal in diet causes lathyrism in 2-6 months?

Ans. 183. More than 30%.

Que. 184. When was the ICDS Scheme started?

Ans. 184. 1975(2^nd Oct.).

Que. 185. Why energy is required in the body?

Ans. 185. Energy is required for maintaining the body temperature and vital activities of organs, for mechanical work and for growth.

Que. 186. What is the basic unit of energy?

Ans. 186. Calorie.

Que. 187. What is the SI unit of energy?

Ans. 187. Joule.

Que. 188. What is the WHO criteria for diagnosis of anemia in pregnancy?

Ans. 188. HB % less than 11.

Que. 189. When by Body Mass Index (BMI) you will call a person obese?

Ans. 189. BMI equal to or >30.0.

Que. 190. How will you define kilo calorie?

Ans. 190. It is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 Kg of water by 1 degree Celsius from 14.5 degree to 15.5 degree Celsius.

Que. 191. What is the energy value of Human Milk?

Ans. 191. 70 Kcals per 100 ml.

Que. 192. How will you calculate Biological Value?

Ans. 192. Nitrogen retained/Nitrogen absorbed * 100.

Que. 193. How will you calculate Digestibility co-efficient?

Ans. 193. Nitrogen absorbed /Nitrogen intake *100.

Que. 194. How one can calculate Net Protein Utilization (NPU)?

Ans. 194. Retained Nitrogen/ Nitrogen Intake *100.

Que. 195. How will you calculate Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)?

Ans. 195. Weight gain in gm/ Protein intake in gm.

Que. 196. Parboiling of paddy helps in retaining which vitamin?

Ans. 196. Thiamine.

Que. 197. As per nutritional surveys, the diet of an average Indian of lower socio economic strata is highly deficient in which vitamin?

Ans. 197. Riboflavin.

Que. 198. In which age group, Pellagra is most commonly seen?

Ans. 198. Adults in later life.

Que. 199. What are the beneficial effects of breast feeding?

Ans. 199. Breast feeding has a protective effect against childhood obesity and lower the risk of severe chronic conditions including Asthma, Diabetes & heart disease in adult life and thus contributing to long term effects.

Que. 200. What is the minimum requirement of visible fats?

Ans. 200. 20-40 gm/day.

Que. 201. What is the minimum limit of visible fat intake for pregnant and lactating women?

Ans. 201. 20% of total energy intake or less than 30 gm/day of visible fat.

Que. 202. Total body iodine is about ——————–.

Ans. 202. 50 mg.

Que. 203. Which compounds found in foods of vegetable origin does inhibit the absorption of iron from food in Human body?

Ans. 203. Compounds like phytic acid, poly-phenols, tannins and phosphates found in foods of vegetable origin inhibit absorption of Iron.

Que. 204. Which mineral is called as double edged sword?

Ans. 204. Fluorine.

Que. 205. What are the adverse effects of trans fatty acids?

Ans. 205. Elevates LDL & decreases HDL.

Que. 206. What is the importance of cholesterol in humans?

Ans. 206. It is vital as a precursor to various steroid hormones e.g. sex hormones and adrenal corticoid hormone.

Que. 207. What is the biological value of proteins in Soya bean?

Ans. 207. 40%.

Que. 208. What is the percentage of protein in breast milk?

Ans. 208. 1.1 gm%.

Que. 209. Give 3 examples of monosaccharide carbohydrates.

Ans. 209. Glucose, fructose & galactose.

Que. 210. Which mineral is deficient in milk?

Ans. 210. Iron.

Que. 211. One ounce of fresh cow’s milk yields about how much energy?

Ans. 211. 67 Kcals.

Que. 212. A baby fed on cow’s milk only, is likely to develop which disease?

Ans. 212. Scurvy.

Que. 213. How will you define vitamins?

Ans. 213. These are organic compounds required in very small but definite quantities for normal growth and maintenance of a healthy life.

Que. 214. Which is the active form of thiamine in the body?

Ans. 214. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).

Que. 215. Which nutrient is absent in egg?

Ans. 215. Carbohydrate.

Que. 216. What are the functions of riboflavin (B2) vitamin?

Ans. 216. The vital functions of riboflavin are as follows –

• Promotion of normal growth.
• Aids in iron absorption
• Maintenance of mucus membrane, eyes and the nervous system
• Assists in synthesis of steroids, RBC & Glycogen

Que. 217. When Iodine deficiency is considered to be a public health problem in a given population?

Ans. 217. When in a given population, in school age children, median urinary iodine excretion is below 100 micro gram/L or goiter prevalence is more than 5%.

Que. 218. What is the calcium requirement during pregnancy?

Ans. 218. 1 gm.

Que. 219. What is the calcium requirement above the normal during the first 6 months of lactation?

Ans. 219. 200 mg/day (total requirement – 1200 mg).

Que. 220.What are the functions of folic acid?

Ans. 220. The important functions are as follows –

• Helps in synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, glycine & methionine. It is essential for synthesis of DNA.
• It is used in the treatment of megaloblastic anemia (in pregnancy, malnutrition and malabsorption). Also effective in treatment of pernicious anemia.

Que. 221. What are the causes of vitamin A deficiency in children?

Ans. 221. The causes of vitamin A deficiency in children are as follows –

• Discarding colostrum
• Measles infection
• Malabsorption
• Diarrhoea
• Delayed Weaning

Que. 222. Which are the indicators of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD)?

Ans. 222. The indicators of IDD are as follows –

• Prevalence of goiter
• Prevalence of Cretinism
• Urinary iodine excretion
• T3 & T4 measurements
• Prevalence of neonatal hypothyroidism

Que. 223. Which disease is caused by the deficiency of vitamin B12?

Ans. 223. Pernicious Anemia.

Que. 224. Which vitamin does increase the absorption of Magnesium from intestine?

Ans. 224. Vitamin D.

Que. 225. What is the index of duration of malnutrition?

Ans. 225. Height for age.

Que. 226. What is the index of severity of malnutrition?

Ans. 226. Weight for height.

Que. 227. What is the role of Vitamin C in absorption of Iron?

Ans. 227. Vitamin C enhances the absorption of iron, through the conversion of ferric to ferrous iron.

Que. 228. What is the duration of protection offered by 1 ml of iodized oil?

Ans. 228. 4 years.

Que. 229. Iodized oil used in preventing goiter is ———————.

Ans. 229. Poppy seed oil.

Que. 230. What do you mean by retinol equivalents?

Ans. 230. Vitamin A activity of a diet is usually expressed in retinol equivalents. One microgram retinol is considered as one retinol equivalent.

Que. 231. Anganwadi centers are part of which program?

Ans. 231. ICDS.

Que. 232. 1 IU of vitamin A is equal to how much micro gram of retinol?

Ans.  232. 0.6 micro gram of retinol.

Que. 233. Name one important source of Niacin?

Ans. 233. Groundnuts.

Que. 234. What are the functions of Vitamin D?

Ans. 234. It regulates the absorption and excretion of calcium from the small intestine and also plays important role in bone mineralization.

Que. 235. How will you measure vitamin D status in human body?

Ans. 235. Vitamin D status can be assessed by the measurement of plasma 25- hydroxyl-cholecalciferol. In severe deficiency, plasma calcium & phosphate level fall and alkaline phosphatase is elevated.

Que. 236. What percentage of ingested iodine is used by thyroid gland for synthesis of thyroid hormones?

Ans. 236. 30%.

Que. 237. What are the functions of Vitamin E (Tocopherol)?

Ans. 237. Important functions are as follows –

• Strong antioxidant property
• Maintains cell membrane integrity
• Has a role in DNA & prostaglandins synthesis.

Que. 238. Which milk is a rich source of vitamin K?

Ans. 238. Cow’s milk.

Que. 239. How much Hemoglobin increases with iron treatment?

Ans. 239. 1 gm/ week.

Que. 240. What is tetany?

Ans. 240. It is a clinical condition resulting from reduction in the level of ionized calcium in the blood. Twitching of muscles of face, hand & feet are common. Cardiac arrhythmias may be the presenting feature.

Que. 241. What do you mean by osteoporosis?

Ans. 241. It is an abnormal thinning of bones resulting from conditions leading to chronic calcium deficiency.

Que. 242. What is the daily energy requirement of a reference adult moderate worker and a reference adult heavy worker?

Ans. 242. Moderate worker adult male — 2710 Kcal

Moderate worker adult female – 2130 Kcal

Heavy worker adult male —- 3470 Kcal

Heavy worker adult female — 2720 Kcal.

Que. 244. What is the daily energy requirement in Kcal of an infant?

Ans. 244. 550-670 kcal/day.

Que. 245. What do you mean by consumption unit?

Ans. 245. The energy need of an adult sedentary man per day is called one consumption unit (2110 Kcal).

Que. 246. What are the dietary goals (WHO) for a balanced diet?

Ans. 246. The dietary goals (WHO) for a balanced diet are as follows –

• 20-30% energy from fat
• Saturated fatty acids <10% of energy consumption
• Increase in fiber intake & reduction of refined carbohydrates (bread, suji, sugar etc.)
• Restriction of energy rich food like alcohol
• Salt <5 gram per day
• 15-20% of energy intake from proteins
• To avoid junk food
• Cholesterol less than 100 mg/1000 Kcal

Que. 247. What do you mean by the biologically complete protein?

Ans. 247. A protein containing the entire variants of essential amino-acids.

Que. 248. Why essential amino-acids are called essential?

Ans. 248. Because the body is unable to synthesize them in necessary amount to meet the body needs.

Que. 249. Anthropometrically, how will you evaluate protein nutritional status?

Ans. 249. One can evaluate protein nutritional status by following measures of anthropometry

• Weight
• Height
• Mid Upper Arm Circumference
• Skin Fold Thickness

Que. 250. What is the protein requirement in Pregnancy?

Ans. 250. 46 gm+ 9.5 gm in 2^nd trimester & 46 gm + 22 gm in 3^rd trimester daily.

Que. 251. What is the protein requirement in Lactation?

Ans. 251. 1^st 6 month — 46 gm + 17 gm; 2^nd 6 months — 46 gm + 13 gm daily.

Que. 252. What do you mean by term food hygiene?

Ans. 252. All the conditions that must be met during production, processing, storage, distribution of food so that it remains safe, wholesome and fit for consumption.

Que. 253. How will you prevent milk borne diseases?

Ans. 253. Milk borne diseases may be prevented by –

• Pasteurization of milk
• Healthy & Clean Animals
• Sanitary premises of dairy
• Sterile vessels to keep milk
• Safe water supply in dairy
• Personal hygiene of milk handlers

Que. 254. What are the different methods of Pasteurization?

Ans. 254. The different methods of pasteurization are as follows –

• Holder (VAT) Method
• High Temperature Short Time (HTST) Method
• Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) Method

Que. 255. What do you mean by term Cold Pasteurization?

Ans. 255. The term sometimes used for the use of ionizing radiation to kill micro-organisms in food.

Que. 256. What do you mean by term Malnutrition?

Ans. 256. Malnutrition is a pathological state resulting from a relative or absolute deficiency or excess of one or more nutrients.

Que. 257. What do you mean by Global Hunger Index?

Ans. 257. It is a composite index based on –

• Proportion of undernourished population
• Prevalence of underweight in children under 5 years
• Under 5 mortality

Que. 258. What do you mean by term Food Fortification?

Ans. 258. Food fortification is deliberate addition of one or more micro-nutrients to particular foods so as to increase the intake of these micro-nutrients in order to correct or prevent a demonstrable deficiency and provide a health benefit.

Que. 259. Give few examples of food fortification.

Ans. 259. Iodine in salt, Iodine & Iron in salt, Vitamin A & D in Vanaspati & Iron in wheat.

Que. 260. What are the important consequences of over nutrition?

Ans. 260. The important consequences of over nutrition are as follows –

• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Ischemic Heart Disease
• Stroke
• Gall stones
• Colon Cancer

Que. 261. What are the direct consequences of malnutrition in children?

Ans. 261. Direct consequences of malnutrition in children are as follows –

• Protein Energy Malnutrition
• Nutritional Anemia
• Iodine deficiency disorders
• Xerophthalmia

Que. 262. Which are the indirect consequences of malnutrition?

Ans. 262. Indirect consequences of malnutrition are as follows –

• Maternal & Child mortality
• Low birth weight
• Fall in national productivity

Que. 263. On what basis classification of malnutrition is done by Indian Association of Pediatricians (IAP)?

Ans. 263. Weight for age.

Que. 264. Clinical signs are the basis of which classification of malnutrition?

Ans. 264. Wellcome Trust Classification.

Que. 265. What are the principles of treatment of PEM?

Ans. 265. Establish a daily graduated intake of –

• 3-4-gram protein per kg body weight
• 200 kcal of energy per kg body weight

Que. 266. Which age groups are more prone to develop Iron deficiency anemia?

Ans. 266. The more prone age groups are –

• Pre-school age group
• Puberty
• Women of reproductive age group
• Old age

Que. 267. Which is the definitive test for iron stores?

Ans. 267. Bone marrow iron stores.

Que. 268. Enumerate few iron rich foods.

Ans. 268. Meat, fowl, fish, poultry, legumes and green leafy vegetables.

Que. 269. Which are the simple but effective alterations in meal patterns that enhance iron absorption?

Ans. 269. – Take tea 1 or 2 hours before or after the mealtime.

• Include in meal some sources of Vitamin C.
• Consume milk, cheese and other dairy products as in between meals snacks rather than at mealtime.

Que. 270. What is the daily dose of IFA in children under 6 years?

Ans. 270. 20 mg iron and 100 micro-gram folic acid.

Que. 271. Which mineral does play an important role in oxygen transport & cellular respiration?

Ans. 271. Iron.

Que. 272. What are the estimates of anaemia in women in developing countries?

Ans. 272. Half of reproductive age women & 2/3^rd of pregnant women have anaemia.

Que. 273. Which mineral is important for normal mineralization of bone and formation of dental enamel?

Ans. 273. Fluorine.

Que. 274. What is the energy value of cereals & millets?

Ans. 274. Approximately 350 Kcal/100 gm.

Que. 275. Which is the contributor of around 50% of the total proteins in Indian diet?

Ans. 275. Cereal Proteins.

Que. 276. Which is the richest source of calcium?

Ans. 276. Ragi (344 mg/100 gm).

Que. 277. Germination of pulses cause an increase in which vitamins?

Ans.  277. Vitamin B & C.

Que. 278. Which is the rich source of iron and carotene?

Ans. 278. Jaggery.

Que. 279. What is the important role of soluble fibers in diet?

Ans. 279. Soluble fibers are particularly useful in inhibiting the rapid absorption of glucose & lipids.

Que. 280. Name a fruit rich in iron.

Ans. 280. Watermelon.

Que. 281. Which are the important dietary factors responsible for hypertension?

Ans. 281. The important dietary factors responsible for hypertension are as follows –

• Excess of salt
• Diet rich in saturated fats & cholesterol
• Skewed sodium potassium ratio (>1)

Que. 282. Which food items are responsible for 75% of total energy intake among Indians?

Ans. 282. Cereals and millets.

Que. 283. Which plant oils are rich in saturated fatty acids?

Ans. 283. Coconut & Palm oil.

Que. 284. Which food items should be preferred for initiation of weaning in children?

Ans. 284. Dal pani, cow’s milk & fruit juices.

Que. 285. Which are the infections that aggravate Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)?

Ans. 285. Measles & Diarrhoea.

Que. 286. Enumerate social factors responsible for PEM.

Ans. 286. The social factors responsible for PEM are as follows –

• Poverty
• Poor environmental conditions
• Large families
• Poor Maternal & Child Health (MCH) services
• Poor cooking practices

Que. 287. Which types of malnutrition are included under the head of undernutrition?

Ans. 287. Underweight, stunted, wasted & micronutrient malnutrition.

Que. 288. Which infectious diseases do frequently exacerbate anaemia in community?

Ans. 288. Malaria, TB, HIV/AIDS, Hookworm disease & Schistosomiasis.

Que. 289. Which mineral absorption is hampered by poor intake of vitamin C?

Ans. 289. Non-heme iron.

Que. 290. What does cause goat milk anaemia?

Ans. 290. Consumption of goat milk by babies as goat milk is deficient in folates.

Que. 291. Which deficiency disorder is the cause of cretinism, increased perinatal mortality & mental retardation in children?

Ans. 291. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD).

Que. 292. In which category India was put by WHO in relation to iodine deficiency?

Ans. 292. Optimal Iodine Nutrition.

Que. 293. What is the importance of urinary iodine excretion?

Ans. 293. It is a marker of recent dietary intake of iodine and is the index of choice for evaluating the degree of iodine deficiency and its correction.

Que. 294. What does median urinary iodine excretion of <100 microgram per liter indicate?

Ans. 294. Indicates insufficient iodine intake and therefore mild to severe iodine deficiency.

Que. 295. What should be the fluorine intake through water, for a patient to suffer from dental fluorosis?

Ans. 295. More than 1.5 ppm.

Que. 296. To prevent dental caries, what should be the fluorine level in drinking water?

Ans. 296. 0.5 to 1 ppm.

Que. 297. Which insecticide is relatively safe for Kitchen use?

Ans. 297. Pyrethrum insecticide.

Que. 298. Which are the Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) related to diet & nutritional status?

Ans. 298. Coronary Artery Disease, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus type 2 & certain cancers.

Que. 299. Which childhood disease is most notorious to prove fatal in combination with nutrition?

Ans. 299. Measles.

Que. 300. What is the use of Net Protein Utilization (NPU)?

Ans. 300. Most commonly used to determine quality of proteins.

Que. 301. What is the NPU of egg protein?

Ans. 301. 100.

Que. 302. Give examples of saturated fatty acids.

Ans. 302. Myristic Acid, palmitic acid & stearic acid.

Que. 303. Which fatty acid does lower the LDL cholesterol without affecting the HDL?

Ans. 303. Monounsaturated fatty acid.

Que. 304. Which cholesterol is referred as good cholesterol?

Ans. 304. HDL cholesterol as it has beneficial effect on cardiovascular system.

Que. 305. Which vitamin does help in the maintenance of myelin in the nervous system?

Ans. 305. Vitamin B12.

Que. 306. Daily use of which vitamin during early weeks of conception does reduce the incidence of birth defects?

Ans. 306. Folates/Folic Acid.

Que. 307. Which vitamin does influence the maturation of RBCs, synthesis of bile and metabolism of drugs and carcinogen by the liver?

Ans. 307. Vitamin C.

Que. 308. Which vitamin is vital for the formation of retinal pigment rhodopsin in rods of the retina?

Ans. 308. Vitamin A.

Que. 309. Which vitamin deficiency is characterized by poor blood clotting?

Ans. 309. Vitamin K.

Que. 310. Which are the factors promoting absorption of calcium?

Ans. 310. Vitamin D, Proteins & Lactose.

Que. 311. Which chemicals present in food & vegetables reduce calcium absorption?

Ans. 311. Oxalates & phytates.

Que. 312. Where will you refer severe PEM cases for admission?

Ans. 312. Nutrition Rehabilitation Centre (NRC) situated in CHC/FRU/RH/DH.

Que. 313. In mid-day meal program, what proportion of cereal and pulses combination is recommended?

Ans. 313. 3:1 to 5:1.

Suggested Further Readings –

• Park; Park’s textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine, 26^th edition, 2021
• WHO; Nutrition, Trans fats; questions & answers; who.int, 13 may 2018
• Bhalwar; textbook of Public health & Community Medicine, AFMC-WHO, 1^st edition, 2009
• Government of India; Anaemia Mukt Bharat Guidelines; Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GoI, 2018
• AH Suryakantha; Community Medicine with Recent Advances, 3^rd
• Mahajan & Gupta; Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine; 4^th edition