Que. 1. Which law is related with population genetics? 

Ans. 1. Hardy Weinberg Law.

Que. 2. On what basis, `Founder Effect’ describes the distribution of diseases?

Ans. 2. Genetics

Que. 3. What will you call the effect of environment on genes?

Ans. 3. Euthenics

Que. 4. What do you mean by Population Genetics?

Ans. 4. Study of genetic composition of population and various factors which influence the incidence of inherited traits in them.

Que. 5. What does the Hardy- Weinberg law states?

Ans. 5. The Hardy Weinberg law states ` The relative frequencies of each gene allele tends to remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of forces that change the gene frequencies.’

Que. 6. What do you mean by eugenics?

Ans. 6. It seeks to improve the genetic composition of human population

Que. 7. How many aspects of eugenics do you know?

Ans. 7. Two types. Positive & Negative eugenics.

Que. 8. Whether most of the genetic counseling is retrospective or prospective?

Ans. 8. Retrospective i.e. hereditary disease has already occurred.

Que. 9. In which diseases, prospective genetic counseling has a role to play?

Ans. 9. Thalassemia & Sickle cell Anemia.

Que. 10. What are the methods suggested under retrospective genetic counseling?

Ans. 10. Methods suggested are – 

1. Contraception
2. Termination of pregnancy
3. Sterilization

Que. 11. Name few genetic disorders appearing in family due to consanguineous marriages.

Ans. 11. These diseases are Autosomal Recessive diseases.

• Albinism
• Alkaptonuria
• Phenylketonuria
• Cystic fibrosis
• Galactosemia

Que. 12. Which genetic disorder is more frequent in lately married couples?

Ans. 12. Trisomy 21 i.e. Down’s syndrome.

Que. 13. Name few autosomal dominant diseases.

Ans. 13. Examples are –

• Achondroplasia
• Huntington’s chorea
• Neurofibromatosis
• Retinoblastoma
• Polycystic Kidney

Que. 14. What are the different categories of genetic disorders?

Ans. 14. These may be classified as – 

• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Unifactorial (single gene or Mendelian) diseases
• Multifactorial disorders

Que. 15. Which is the best method for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal & other genetic disorders?

Ans. 15. Amniocentesis.

Que. 16. When the amniocentesis should be done?

Ans. 16. At 14-16 weeks.

Que. 17. What are the indications of prenatal diagnosis?

Ans. 17. Indications are –

1. Advanced maternal age
2. Previous child with chromosomal disorders.
3. Intrauterine growth delay
4. Screening for neural tube defects & trisomy.

Que. 18. `XO’ is signified by which genetic disorder?

Ans. 18. Turner’s Syndrome (XO)

Que. 19. What is Human Genome Project?

Ans. 19. The Human Genome project is an attempt to systematize the research on mapping & isolating human genes in order to create single linear map of human genome, with each coding gene defined and sequenced.

Que. 20. What will you call it, if people suffering from serious hereditary disease are not allowed to produce children?

Ans. 20. Negative Eugenics.

Que. 21. What are the factors which influence the gene frequencies?

Ans. 21. Factors influencing gene frequencies are – 

• Mutations
• Natural selection
• Population movements
• Breeding structure
• Public health measures

• Health Planning & Management

Que. 1. Which committee had given the concept of `Rural Health Scheme’? 

Ans. 1. Srivastava Committee

Que. 2. Which committee gave the concept of Multipurpose Health Worker?

Ans. 2. Kartar Singh Committee

Que. 3. In Health planning & management, which is the longest path to complete the Project?

Ans. 3. Critical Path Method (CPM).

Que. 4. PERT is a management technique for which type of analysis?

Ans. 4. Network Analysis

Que. 5. Which type of management technique tells about estimated time taken to complete any project?

Ans. 5. Network Analysis

Que. 6. What will you call the assessment of health program where the benefit is expressed in terms of result achieved?

Ans. 6. Cost Effective Analysis.

Que. 7. In which year Bhore Committee was set up?

Ans. 7. 1943.

Que. 8. PHC was introduced as a result of which committee report?

Ans. 8. Bhore Committee.

Que. 9. What was the population recommended by Bhore committee for setting of health centers?

Ans. 9. 40,000.

Que. 10. In medical education, 3 months training in PSM department during internship was recommended by which committee?

Ans. 10. Bhore Committee.

Que. 11. Which committee recommended the integration of medical & health services?

Ans. 11. Mudaliar committee.

Que. 12. What are the recommendations of Mukherjee Committee?

Ans. 12. Recommendations are- 

• Separate staff for Family Planning Program
• Delink malaria activity from family planning.

Que. 13. What are the three important steps in Planning?

Ans. 13. Three important steps in planning are – 

         1) Plan formulation.

         2) Plan Execution & 

         3) Evaluation.

Que. 14. What is the Purpose of Planning?

Ans. 14. The Purpose of planning is-

• To match the limited resources with various problems
• To eliminate wasteful expenditure or duplication of expenditure
• To develop the best course of action to achieve a defined objective

Que. 15. What do you mean by Health Needs?

Ans. 15. `Deficiencies/Gap in health that demands for preventive, curative, control or eradication measures’ is called `Health needs’ e.g. family planning, immunization, medical care for sick people etc.

Que. 16. What does term resources includes?

Ans. 16. The term resources include-

• Manpower
• Material
• Time 
• Money
• Skills
• Knowledge
• Technique

Que. 17. How will you define `Goal’?

Ans. 17. `It is the ultimate desired state towards which objectives & resources are directed’.e.g. 

• Health for all
• Millennium developmental Goals
• National health policy Goals.

Que. 18. What do you mean by term Objective?

Ans. 18. `It is the planned endpoint of all the activities’. Objectives have to be achieved in a given time & it deals with problem directly.

Que. 19. What are the elements of a plan?

Ans. 19. Elements of a plan are-

1. Objectives
2. Policies
3. Program
4. Schedules
5. Budget

Que. 20. What are the steps in planning?

Ans. 20. The steps in Planning include – 

1. Analysis of health Situation
2. Establishment of Objectives & Goals
3. Assessment of resources
4. Fixing priorities
5. Write up of formulated plan
6. Programming & implementation
7. Monitoring
8. Evaluation

Que. 21. What does evaluation measures?

Ans. 21. It measures the degree of achievement of the objectives & targets and the quality of results obtained.

It measures the productivity of given resources & extent of output achieved.

Que. 22. What are the different management methods?

Ans. 22. 1) Organizational management

       2) Personal management

       3) Communication

       4) Information systems

       5) Management by Objectives (MBO)

Que. 23. In which quantitative method, the economic benefits of any program are compared with the cost of the program?

Ans. 23. Cost Benefit Analysis

Que. 24. What is Cost Accounting?

Ans. 24. It provides basic data on cost structure of any program.

Que. 25. Name the diseases eradicated so far from India?

Ans. 25. Small pox, Polio & Yaws.

Que. 26. What are the broad objectives of the health programs during the five year plans?

Ans. 26. 1) Control or Eradication of major communicable diseases

         2) Strengthening of basic health services

         3) Population control

         4) Development of health manpower resources

Que. 27. What is panchayat raj?

Ans. 27. It is a 3- tier structure of rural local self-government in India, linking the villages to the district.

Que. 28. What are the 3 tiers of Panchayat raj?

Ans. 49. 1) at the village level – Gram Panchayat

        2) At the Block level – Panchayat Samiti

        3) At the District Level – Zila parishad

Que. 29. What are the steps in Evaluation?

Ans. 29. The steps are 

1. Determine the type of evaluation
2. Establish standards & Criteria
3. Plan the methodology of evaluation
4. Collect information/data
5. Analyze the results
6. Take appropriate Action
7. Re – evaluate.

Que. 30. What are the types of evaluation?

Ans. 30. The types of evaluation are – 

1. Evaluation of structure/infrastructure
2. Evaluation of process
3. Evaluation of outcome

Que. 31. What are the elements of Evaluation?

Ans. 31. The elements of evaluation are – 

1. Relevance
2. Adequacy
3. Accessibility
4. Acceptability
5. Effectiveness
6. Efficiency
7. Impact

• HEALTH & DISEASE 

Que. 1. What is the WHO definition of HEALTH?

Ans. 1. Health is a state of complete physical, mental & social wellbeing and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity and ability to lead a socially and economically productive life.

Que. 2. What are the indicators of Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)?

Ans. 2. PQLI consolidates 3 indicators – 

1. Infant mortality
2. Life expectancy at age one
3. Literacy

Que. 3. What is human development Index?

Ans. 3. It is a composite index including indicators of longevity (Life expectancy at birth); Knowledge (adult literacy rate & mean year of schooling) & income (real GDP per capita in purchasing power parity in US dollars).

Que. 4. How will you define indicator?

Ans. 4. Indicators are variables which help to measure changes.

Que. 5. What are the characteristics of an ideal indicator?

Ans. 5. An Ideal indicator should be – 

1. Valid
2. Reliable & objective
3. Sensitive
4. Specific
5. Feasible
6. Relevant

Que. 6. Name five mortality indicators.

Ans. 6. Five mortality indicators are – 

1. Crude death rate
2. Expectation of life
3. Infant mortality rate
4. Maternal mortality rate
5. Child mortality rate

Que. 7. Name five morbidity indicators.

Ans. 7. Five morbidity indicators are – 

1. Incidence & prevalence
2. Notification rates
3. Attendance rate at OPD, health centers etc.
4. Admission, readmission & discharge rates
5. Duration of stay in hospitals

Que. 8. Name nutritional status indicators.

Ans. 8. 1) Anthropometric measurements of preschool children.

2) Height & weight of children at school entry.

3) Prevalence of LBW (< 2.5 kg)

Que. 9. What are the Health Care delivery indicators?

Ans. 9. Health care delivery indicators are – 

1. Doctor- population ratio
2. Doctor – Nurse ratio
3. Population –bed ratio
4. Population per health center
5. Population per traditional birth attendant

Que. 10. Name few Socio-economic indicators.

Ans. 10. Socio-economic indicators are –

1. Rate of population increase
2. Per capita income
3. Dependency ratio
4. Literacy rate
5. Family size
6. Per capita calorie availability

Que. 11. What are the health policy indicators?

Ans. 11. Health policy indicators are –

1. Proportion of GNP spent on health services
2. Proportion of GNP spent on health related activities
3. Proportion of resources devoted to primary health care

Que. 12. What is the SULLIVAN’s index?

Ans. 12. Sullivan’s index is expectation of life free from disabilities. It is calculated by subtracting probable duration of disability and inability to perform major activities from the life expectancy.

Que. 13. What is disability adjusted life year(DALY)?

Ans. 13. DALY is a measure of burden of disease in a defined population & effectiveness of the interventions. DALY signifies years of life lost to premature death & years lived with disability adjusted for the severity of disability.

One DALY is ONE LOST YEAR OF HEALTHY LIFE.

Que. 14. What are the characteristics of Health Care?

Ans. 14. The characteristics are – 

1. Appropriateness (relevance)
2. Accessibility
3. Affordability
4. Adequacy
5. Availability
6. Comprehensiveness
7. Feasibility.

Que. 15. What are the different types of health research?

Ans. 15. 1) Biomedical Research- dealing with health problems & corrective actions.

2) Inter-sectoral Research – for which relationships would have to be established with the institutions of other sectors.

3) Health Services/ System Research – It deals with all aspects of management of health services.

Que. 16. What is epidemiological triad?

Ans. 16. For disease causation, interaction of factors like Agent, host & environment is necessary. Presence of these three factors are called epidemiological triad.

Que. 17. What do you mean by terms infectivity, pathogenicity or virulence?

Ans. 17. Infectivity – This is the ability of an infectious agent to invade & multiply thus produce infection in a host.

Pathogenicity – this is the ability to induce clinically apparent illness.

Virulence – Defined as the proportion of clinical cases resulting in severe clinical manifestation & complications.

Que. 18. How one can measure the virulence?

Ans. 18. By measuring case fatality rate.

Que. 19. What are the risk factors for heart disease?

Ans. 19. Smoking, High BP, Elevated serum cholesterol, Diabetes, Lack of exercise, obesity & type A personality.

Que. 20. What do you mean by term Disease Control?

Ans. 20. The term Disease Control signifies the ongoing measures aimed at reducing – 

1. Incidence of disease
2. Duration of disease
3. Risk of transmission
4. Complications of infection/disease
5. Financial burden of the community

 In disease control, the disease agent is permitted to persist in the community at a level where it ceases to be a public health problem according to the tolerance of the local population.

Que. 21. What do you mean by term Disease elimination?

Ans. 21. The term elimination implies interruption of transmission of disease from large geographic area or regions. It is an important precursor of eradication.

Que. 22. What do you mean by term Disease Eradication?

Ans. 22. The term eradication of disease means termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agent.

Que. 23. What do you mean by term Disease & Illness?

Ans. 23. Disease is a physiological/ psychological dysfunction. Illness is a subjective state of the persons who feels aware of not being well.

Que. 24. Who gave the concept of Multifactorial causation?

Ans. 24. Pattenkofer.

Que. 25. Who gave the concept of web of causation?

Ans. 25. Macmohan & Pugh.

Que. 26. What do you mean by term monitoring?

Ans. 26. Monitoring is the performance & analysis of routine measurements aimed at detecting changes in the environment or health status of the population.

Que. 27. How will you define surveillance?

Ans. 27. The continuous scrutiny of the factors that determine the occurrence & distribution of disease & other conditions of ill health. In simple words surveillance is data collection for the action.

Que. 28. What are the objectives of surveillance?

Ans. 28. The main objectives of surveillance are – 

1. To provide information about new & changing trend.
2. To provide feedback for redefinition of objectives & policy
3. Provide timely warning of public health disasters or epidemics so that interventions can be mobilized.

Que. 29. What do you mean by sentinel surveillance?

Ans. 29. A method for identifying the missing cases and there by supplementing the notified cases.

Que. 30. What is evaluation?

Ans. 30. Evaluation is the process by which results are compared with the intended objectives or you can say simply the assessment of how well a program is performing.

Que. 31. What are the levels of prevention?

Ans. 31. There are four levels –

1. Primordial prevention
2. Primary prevention
3. Secondary prevention
4. Tertiary prevention.

Que. 32. What do you mean by primordial prevention?

Ans. 32. It is the prevention of the emergence of risk factors in countries or communities in which they have not yet appeared.

In primordial prevention, adaptation of harmful lifestyles are discouraged in children. Main intervention is through individual & mass education.

Que. 33. What are the modes of intervention in primary prevention?

Ans. 33.  Health Promotion & Specific protection.

Que. 34. How will you define Primary Prevention?

Ans. 34. Primary prevention can be defined as “Action taken prior to the onset of disease, which terminates the possibility of disease occurrence”

Que. 35. What are the important interventions in health promotion?

Ans. 35. Important interventions in the health promotion field are – 

1. Health Education
2. Environmental modifications

Such as provision of safe water & sanitary latrines, control of insects/vectors etc.

1. Nutritional Interventions

Such as child feeding programs, food fortification, nutrition education etc.

1. Lifestyle or behavioral changes.

Que. 36. Give some examples of specific protection.

Ans. 36. Some examples are – 

1. Immunization
2. Control of pollution
3. Use of specific nutrients
4. Chemoprophylaxis
5. Protection against accidents etc.

Que. 37. What are the components of health protection?

Ans. 37. Components of health protection are – 

1. Health promotion
2. Prevention of disease/ sickness
3. Curative function
4. Rehabilitative actions.

Que. 38. Name few diseases in which early diagnosis & treatment has an important role to play?

Ans. 38. Diseases are- 

1. STD
2. Tuberculosis
3. Leprosy
4. Mental disorders.

Que. 39. What is the aim of Disability limitation?

Ans. 39. To halt the progress of disease process from impairment to handicap.

Que. 40. What do you mean by term IMPAIRMENT?

Ans. 40. The impairment is defined as any loss or abnormality of physiological, psychological or anatomical structure or function e.g. loss of hand/ foot, mental sub normality, loss of vision etc.

Que. 41. What do you mean by term disability?

Ans. 41. It is defined as any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. E.g. cannot walk, cannot work etc.

Que. 42. What do you mean by term HANDICAP?

Ans. 42. It is defined as A disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an impairment or a disability, that prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal for the individual e.g. unemployment.

Que. 43. How will you define REHABILITATION?

Ans. 43. The combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational & vocational measures for training & retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability.

Que. 44. What are the different types of rehabilitation?

Ans. 44. The different types of rehabilitation are as follows – 

1) Medical Rehabilitation – 

          Restoration of function e.g. reconstructive surgeries in leprosy

2) Vocational Rehabilitation – 

          Restoration of the capacity to earn for life

3) Social Rehabilitation – 

          Restoration of family & social relationships

4) Psychosocial Rehabilitation – 

         Restoration of self-dignity & confidence.

Que. 45. What is the mode of intervention in secondary prevention?

Ans. 45. Early diagnosis & treatment.

Que. 46. What are the modes of intervention in tertiary prevention?

Ans. 46. Disability limitation & Rehabilitation.

• INTERNATIONAL HEALTH 

Que. 1. When was the WHO established?

Ans. 1. 7th April 1948.

Que. 2. Where is the Headquarter of WHO?

Ans. 2. Geneva.

Que. 3. Every year on which date WORLD HEALTH DAY is celebrated?

Ans. 3. 7th April.

Que. 4. What are the works of WHO?

Ans. 4. The works of WHO are – 

1. Prevention & control of specific diseases
2. Development of comprehensive health services
3. Family Health
4. Environmental Health
5. Health Statistics
6. Bio-medical Research
7. Health literature & information
8. Co-operation with other organizations.

Que. 5. In which WHO region we live & where is it’s headquarter?

Ans. 5. We belong to SOUTH EAST ASIA REGION of WHO & it’s headquarter is in NEW DELHI (INDIA).

Que. 6. What does the UNICEF stand for?

Ans. 6. United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF).

It is also known as UN Children’s Fund.

Que. 7. When was the UNICEF established?

Ans. 7. 1946.

Que. 8. Where is the Headquarter of UNICEF?

Ans. 8. NEW YORK.

Que. 9. GOBI campaign, promoted by UNICEF for child health revolution encourages which strategies?

Ans. 9. G — Growth Monitoring ——– To better monitor child development

         O — Oral Rehydration ———– To treat dehydration except severe one

         B —- Breast Feeding

         I —– Immunization ————— To prevent children from vaccine preventable diseases

Que. 10. When was UNDP (United Nations Development Program) established?

Ans. 10. 1966.

Que. 11. When was the Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) established?

Ans. 11. 1945.

Que. 12. Where is the Headquarter of FAO?

Ans. 12. ROME.

Que. 13. When was the ILO (International Labor Organization) established?

Ans. 13. 1919.

Que. 14. Where is the headquarter of ILO?

Ans. 14. Geneva, Switzerland.

Que. 15. What are the chief aims of FAO?

Ans. 15. The chief Aims of FAO are – 

1. To raise living standards of people
2. To improve nutrition of the people.
3. To increase efficiency of farming, forestry & fisheries.
4. To better the condition of rural people.

Que. 16. When was the CARE established?

Ans. 16. 1945.

Que. 17. Who was the founder of red cross?

Ans. 17. Henry Durant.

• MENTAL HEALTH

Que. 1. How will you define Mental Health?

Ans. 1. It is the balanced development of the individual’s personality & emotional attitude which enable him to live harmoniously with his fellow men.

Que. 2. What is the prevalence of neuropsychiatric problems?

Ans. 2. According to WHO (2000), Prevalence of neuro psychiatric problems is 10% for adults.

Que. 3. When was the National Mental Health Program (NMHP) launched?

Ans. 3. 1982.

Que. 4. What are the aims of NMHP?

Ans. 4. The aims of NMHP are – 

1. Prevention & Treatment of mental & neurological disorders & their associated disabilities.
2. Use of mental health technology to improve general health services &
3. Application of mental health principles in total national development to improve quality of life.

Que. 5. Under District Mental Health Program (DMHP), what are the works proposed to be done by DMHP Team?

Ans. 5. The works proposed to be done by DMHP team are – 

1. Early Diagnosis & Treatment
2. Training
3. IEC
4. Reporting

Que. 6. What were the components of NMHP during 11th Plan period?

Ans. 6. The components were – 

1. DMHP – on new pattern.
2. Man power Development Scheme
3. IEC
4. NGO/PPP
5. Monitoring/Supervision/ Evaluation
6. Research
7. Spill over activities of 10th Plan.

Que. 7. What are the Life Skills taught at the school under mental health program?

Ans. 7. The life skills taught are – 

1. Critical Thinking & creative Thinking.
2. Decision Making & Problem Solving.
3. Communication skills & interpersonal relations.
4. Coping with emotions & stress.
5. Self-awareness & Empathy.

Que. 8. How many centers of excellence are to be established under manpower development scheme in NMHP?

Ans. 8. 11(Eleven).

Que. 9. On what model is the DMHP based?

Ans. 9. BELLARY MODEL under NIMHANS.

Que. 10. On which day World Mental Health Day is celebrated?

Ans. 10. 10th October.

Que. 11. Which is the most commonly prevalent drug addiction?

Ans. 11. Alcoholism.

Que. 12. What are the challenges in National Mental Health Program?

Ans. 12. Challenges are – 

1. Limited no. of Psychiatrists & other man power.
2. Stigma & discrimination for persons with mental disorders.
3. Limited no. of beds.
4. Low awareness about the program
5. Poverty.
6. Limited investment in mental health by Govt.

Que. 13. In NMHP, what is expected from a trained medical officer at PHC?

Ans. 13. Expectations are as follows –

1) Supervision of staff

2) Producing mental diagnosis.

3) Treatment of mental disorders that can be managed at PHC.

4) Epidemiological Surveillance of mental disorders.

5) Planning & implementation of the program.

6) Referral of non- manageable cases.

Que. 14. What are the crucial periods in human life in which any adverse effect can lead to mental disorders?

Ans. 14. The crucial periods are –

1. Prenatal period
2. First 5 years of life
3. School period
4. Adolescence
5. Old age

Que. 15. What are the causes of mental illness in the aged?

Ans. 15. The causes of mental illness in the aged are –

1. Organic conditions of the brain
2. Economic insecurity
3. Lack of home
4. Poor status
5. Insecurity

Que. 16. What are the components of Mental Health Services in a community?

Ans. 16. The components of Mental Health Services are – 

1. Early diagnosis & treatment
2. Rehabilitation
3. Group & Individual Psychotherapy
4. Mental Health Education
5. Use of Modern Psychoactive drugs.
6. After care services.

Que. 17. What are the motives for drug dependence?

Ans. 17. Motives for drug dependence are –

1. Pleasure
2. Desire to experiment
3. Sense of adventure
4. Wish for self-knowledge
5. Desire to escape
6. Unwilling to accept minor discomforts.

Que. 18. What are the factors responsible for drug abuse?

Ans. 18. Factors responsible for drug abuse are –

1. Unemployment
2. Living away from home
3. Migration to urban areas
4. Relaxed parenteral control
5. Early exposure to drugs
6. Leaving school early
7. Broken family, one parent family
8. Areas with high rate of crime.
9. Areas where drugs are sold, traded or produced.

Que. 19. What are the steps in management of drug addiction?

Ans. 19. The steps in management of drug addiction are – 

1. Identification of drug addicts & their motivation for detoxication.
2. Detoxication through hospitalization
3. Post detoxication counseling & follow up.
4. Rehabilitation.

Along with medical treatment, changes in environment are mandatory. Psychotherapy has a important role in the management of the drug addicts.

• HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SERVICES

Que. 1. What are the current criticism against health care services?

Ans. 1. The current criticism against health care services are – 

1. Urban oriented
2. Mostly curative in nature
3. Inaccessible to majority of population

Que. 2. What do you mean by health care?

Ans. 2. It includes a multitude of services provided to individuals or communities by health professionals for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, monitoring or restoring health.

Que. 3. Who is responsible for the health of the populations?

Ans. 155. STATE.

Que. 4. Which health facilities provide primary health care? 

Ans. 4. Primary Health Centre & its sub-centers & Health & wellness centers (HWC).

Que. 5. Which level of health care provide first level of contact of population with the national health system?

Ans. 5. Primary Care level through the ASHA, ANMs & AWWs. 

Que. 6. What are the different type of health care approaches used till now?

Ans. 6. The different types of health care approaches used till now are –

1. Comprehensive health care
2. Basic health services
3. Primary Health Care

Que. 7. Who did use for the first time the term comprehensive health care?

Ans. 7. Bhore Committee in 1946.

Que. 8. How will you define Primary Health Care?

Ans. 8. The Alma-Ata conference (1978) defined Primary Health Care as follows-

It is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals & acceptable to them, through their full participation & at a cost the community & country can afford.

Que. 9. What was the key to the attainment of health for all by 2000 AD?

Ans. 9. Primary Health Care.

Que. 10. What are the Principles of Primary Health Care?

Ans. 10. The principles of primary health care are –

1. Equitable distribution
2. Community participation
3. Inter-sectoral coordination
4. Appropriate technology

Que. 11. What are the components of primary health care?

Ans. 11. The components are –

1. Education concerning prevailing health problems & the methods of preventing & controlling them.
2. Promotion of food supply & proper nutrition
3. An adequate supply of safe water & basic sanitation.
4. Maternal & child health care, including family planning
5. Immunization against infectious diseases.
6. Prevention & control of locally endemic diseases
7. Appropriate treatment of common diseases & injuries
8. Provision of essential drugs.

Que. 12. Define Health for All?

Ans. 12. Health for All by 2000 AD is a movement launched in 1977 in 30th World Health Assembly. It can be defined as –

Attainment of a level of health that will enable every individual to lead a socially & economically productive life. 

Que. 13. What were the Millennium Development Goals?

Ans. 13. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the time bound & quantified targets for addressing Poverty & Disease & promoting gender equality, education & environmental sustainability.

These represent the basic human rights- the right of each individual to health, education, shelter & security.

These are a set of 8 goals, 18 targets & 48 indicators that have been adopted by consensus by the United Nations.

Que. 14. How many goals, targets & indicators among MDGs were health related?

Ans. 14. 3 out of 8 goals, 8 of the 18 targets & 18 of the 48 indicators relate directly to health.

Que. 15. When we have to achieve SDGs?

Ans. 15. By the year 2030 AD.

Que. 16. What do you mean by term Community Diagnosis?

Ans. 16. An assessment of health status and health problem of given community is called Community Diagnosis.

Que. 17. Enumerate The Health Problems of India?

Ans. 17. The health problems of India are –

1. Communicable disease problems e.g. Malaria, TB, Diarrhoeal diseases, ARI, AIDS etc.
2. Nutritional Problems e.g. PEM, Nutritional anemia, LBW, IDD, Xerophthalmia etc.
3. Environmental Sanitation Problem
4. Medical Care Problem.
5. Population Explosion.
6. Non communicable diseases

Que. 18. Which are the health facilities providing secondary health care?

Ans. 18. District Hospital, Community Health Centers (CHCs) & First Referral units (FRUs).

Que. 19. One Health Assistant provides supportive supervision to how many health workers?

Ans. 19. SIX HEALTH WORKERS (Male & Female).

Que. 20. What is the present health manpower in the country?

Ans. 20. In 2010-18, in our Country,

• Doctors per 10,000 population     —————————— 7.8
• Nurses  & midwives per 10,000 population    —————- 20.9
• Beds per 10,000 population  ———————————- 8.9

Que. 21. What is the suggested norms for peripheral health facilities?

Ans. 21. SUBCENTRE – One in 5000 population in plains & 3000 population in hilly or tribal area.

PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE—One in 30,000 population in plains & 20,000 population in hilly & tribal area.

COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTRE — One per 1.00,000 population.

Que. 22. What are the functions of Primary Health Centers?

Ans. 22. Functions of PHC cover all essential elements of primary health care & includes – 

1. Medical Care
2. MCH including Family planning
3. Safe water supply & basic sanitation 
4. Prevention & control of locally endemic diseases
5. Collection & reporting of vital statistics
6. Health education
7. Implementation of health programs
8. Referral services
9. Training of paramedical & supportive staff
10. Basic laboratory services

Que. 23. What is the total no. of staff posts sanctioned in CHCs & PHCs?

Ans. 23. In PHC ————– 15; In CHC ——————————– 23-24.

Que. 24. Under the ROME Scheme, how many PHCs have been attached to a Medical College?

Ans. 24. Three PHCs to each Govt. Medical College.

Que. 25. When was Rural Health Scheme launched?

Ans. 25. Rural Health Scheme, based on SRIVASTAVA COMMITTEE (1975) recommendations, was launched by GoI in 1977.

Rural Health Scheme was based on the principle of PLACING PEOPLE’S HEALTH IN PEOPLE’S HANDS.

Que. 26. How is health care being provided in rural areas?

Ans. 26. In rural areas, health care is being provided through primary health centers & its sub centers. One primary health center is the nucleus of health activities in that given area.

Que. 27. What are the major services provided at sub center level?

Ans. 27. 1) MCH Care

     2) Family planning

     3) Immunization

     4) IUD insertion

Que. 28. What are the package of services at First Referral Unit (FRU)?

Ans. 28. Services provided at FRUs are —

1. Vacuum Extractions
2. Caesarian section
3. Manual Removal of Placenta
4. Suction Curettage for incomplete abortion
5. Vasectomy & tubectomy
6. IUD insertions
7. Blood transfusion
8. Administration of Anaesthesia

Que. 29. What is the population covered by a FRU?

Ans. 29. 5 Lakhs

Que. 30. Under which national Program, FRUs work?

Ans. 30. RMNCH+A Program. 

Que. 31. Which are the health facilities providing tertiary health care services?

Ans. 31. Regional hospitals, Medical Colleges & Apex hospitals.

Que. 32. How much population does an ASHA cover?

Ans. 32. In Plain areas – 1000; In Hilly, tribal & difficult areas – 700.

Que. 33. How much population does an AWW cover?

Ans. 33. 1000.

• DEMOGRAPHY 

Que. 1. What do you mean by Demography?

Ans. 1. It is the scientific study of human population.

Que. 2. What are the focus areas in demography?

Ans. 2. The focus areas in demography are as follows – 

1. Changes in Population size
2. Composition of the population
3. Distribution of the population

Que. 3. Name five demographic processes.

Ans. 3. Five demographic processes are as follows – 

1. Fertility
2. Mortality
3. Marriage
4. Migration
5. Social mobility

Que. 4. Which are the main sources of demographic statistics in India?

Ans. 4. The main sources of demographic statistics in India are – 

1. Population Census
2. National Sample Surveys
3. Registration of Vital Events
4. Demographic studies

Que. 5. What do you mean by Social Mobility?

Ans. 5. It is a change in social status relative to one’s current social location within a given society. This movement occurs between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification.

Que. 6. What are the stages of demographic cycle?

Ans. 6. Stages of demographic cycle are – 

• First stage – High Stationary
• Second stage – Early Expanding
• Third Stage – Late Expanding
• Fourth Stage – Low Stationary
• Fifth Stage – Declining.

Que. 7. In which demographic stage, is India today?

Ans. 7. Late Expanding.

Que. 8. In June 2022, what was the population of the World?

Ans. 8. 7.96 billion.

Que. 9. What was the population of India on June 2022?

Ans. 9. Roughly 1400 million.

Que. 10. What are the key factors responsible for decline in fertility?

Ans. 10. The factors responsible are – 

1. Changes in government attitude towards population growth
2. Spread of education
3. Increased availability of contraception
4. Extension of coverage of services of family planning programs
5. Marked change in marriage pattern.

Que. 11. What do you mean by Annual growth Rate?

Ans. 11.  Crude Birth Rate minus Crude Death Rate = Annual Growth Rate (Excluding Migration)

Que. 12. What are the indicators of Vital Statistics?

Ans. 12. Birth Rate, Death Rate, Natural Growth Rate, Life Expectancy at Birth, Mortality & Fertility Rates.

Que. 13. What do you mean by term population statistics?

Ans. 13. Population statistics are variables which measure the population size, sex ratio, density & dependency ratio.

Que. 14. What do you mean by population pyramid?

Ans. 14. It is a graphical representation of the age and sex of a given population. It is also called age & sex pyramid.

Que. 15. What is the characteristics of population pyramid of developing countries (e.g. India) & developed countries?

Ans. 15. India – Broad base & tapering top

Developed countries – Narrow base & top and bulge in the middle.

Que. 16. How will you define sex ratio?

Ans. 16. It is the number of females per 1000 males.

Que. 17. What does low sex ratio indicate?

Ans. 17. Low sex ratio indicates – 

1. Male child preference 
2. Neglect of the girl child
3. Female infanticide
4. Female foeticide
5. Higher Maternal Mortality
6. Male bias in population enumeration
7. Easy availability of sex determination tests
8. Early abortion services

Que. 18. Which are the factors governing sex composition of the population?

Ans. 18. The factors governing sex composition are – 

1. Differentials in mortality of males & females
2. Sex selective migration
3. Sex ratio at birth

Que. 19. What do you mean by dependents in demography?

Ans. 19. Children 0-14 years age group & aged people above 65 years of age.

Que. 20. How will you define total dependency ratio?

Ans. 20. Ratio of combined age group 0-14 years and above 65 years to the 15-65 years age group (economically productive age group) is known as the total dependency ratio.

Que. 21. When does total dependency ratio decrease?

Ans. 21. When fertility decline reduces the child proportion more than increase in old population. Generally seen in early stages of development.

Que. 22. What do you mean by term demographic bonus?

Ans. 22. The term signifies the period when dependency ratio of a population declines as a result of declining fertility till it starts rising because of increasing longevity.

Que. 23. What do you mean by term demographic burden?

Ans. 23. The term signifies increase in total dependency ratio during any period of time, mostly caused by increasing old age dependency ratio.

Que. 24. What is the current density of population in India?

Ans. 24. 464 per sq. km (Year 2020 data).

Que. 25. How will you define density of population in Indian context?

Ans. 25. Number of persons living per square Km area.

Que. 26. What is the proportion of urban population in India?

Ans. 26. 34.5% (2019 data).

Que. 27. What do you mean by family size in demography?

Ans. 27. Total number of children a woman has borne at a point in time.

Que. 28. What are the factors governing family size?

Ans. 28. The factors governing family size are – 

1. Duration of marriage
2. Couple’s Education
3. No. of live births & living children
4. Preference of male child
5. Desired family size
6. Cast & Religion

Que. 29. When will you consider a person literate?

Ans. 29. If he/she can read, write and understand in any language.

Que. 30. How will you calculate crude literacy rate?

Ans. 30. No. of literate persons/ Total population in a given year*100.

Que. 31. In which census, effective literacy rate was taken into account?

Ans. 31. Census 2011.

Que. 32. What do you mean by life expectancy at birth?

Ans. 32. It is defined as how long, on average, a newborn can expect to live, according to mortality pattern prevalent in that country.

Que. 33. Which demographic indicator is considered as best indicating country’s overall development and health status of its population?

Ans. 33. Life expectancy.

Que. 34. Which are the factors governing high fertility in India?

Ans. 34. Factors responsible are – 

1. Universality of marriage
2. Low age at marriage
3. Low literacy level
4. Poor level of living
5. Limited use of contraceptives
6. Traditional ways of life

Que. 35. What are the factors determining overall fertility?

Ans. 35. Factors determining overall fertility are as follows – 

1. Age at marriage
2. Duration of married life
3. Spacing of children
4. Education
5. Economic status
6. Caste & religion
7. Nutrition
8. Family planning
9. Others e.g. women empowerment, breastfeeding, customs & Beliefs

Que. 36. How will you define birth rate?

Ans. 36. The number of live births per 1000 estimated mid-year population, in a given year.

Que. 37. Why birth rate is considered an unsatisfactory measure of the fertility?

Ans. 37. As total population is not exposed to child birth.

Que. 38. Which fertility indicator does indicate family planning achievements?

Ans. 38. Age specific fertility rate (ASFR) & Total fertility rate (TFR).

Que. 39. Whether ASFR also tells about fertility pattern?

Ans. 39. Yes.

Que. 40. How will you define Age specific fertility rate (ASFR)?

Ans. 40. No. of live births in a year to 1000 women in any specified age group.

Que. 41. Which is the proxy fertility indicator for completed family size?

Ans. 41. Total fertility Rate (TFR).

Que. 42. Whether Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) of 1 is equivalent to attain approximately the 2 child norm?

Ans. 42. Yes.

Que. 43. What does NRR< 1 indicate?

Ans. 43. Reproductive performance of the population is below the replacement level.

Que. 44. What are the reasons of high birth rate in India?

Ans. 44. The reasons are – 

1. Universality of marriage
2. Early marriage
3. Early puberty
4. Low standards of livings
5. Low level of literacy
6. Traditional Customs & beliefs
7. Absence of practice of family planning

Que. 45. What are the reasons of declining death rate in India?

Ans. 45. The reasons are – 

1. Mass control of diseases
2. Advances in medical science
3. Better health facilities
4. Impact of national health programs
5. Improvement in food supply
6. International Aid
7. Development of mass awareness

• Commonly Asked Questions on Communication

Que. 1. Which is the most effective method of Health Education?

Ans. 1. Setting an example.

Que. 2. Name one method of health education which is not a two-way communication.

Ans. 2. Lectures.

Que. 3. What do you mean by communication?

Ans. 3. Communication is the act of giving, receiving & sharing information. In simple words you can say that it is the transmission of information

Que. 4. What are the components of communication process?

Ans. 4. The communication process refers to a series of actions or steps taken to communicate successfully. It involves several components –

1. Communicator
2. Message
3. Audience
4. Channel of Communication 
5. Feedback

Que. 5. What are the types of communication?

Ans. 5. Four types – Verbal, Non-verbal, written & visual.

Que. 6. What are the characteristics of a good message?

Ans. 6. Characteristics of a good message are –

1. Follow Objectives
2. Based on felt needs
3. Meaningful
4. Clear & understandable
5. Specific & Accurate
6. Timely & Adequate
7. Appropriate
8. Fitting the Audience
9. Interesting

Que. 7. What do you mean by Behaviour Change Communication?

Ans. 7. It is a process of working with individuals, families & communities through different communication channels – 

1. To promote Positive Health Behaviours
2. To support an environment that enables the community to maintain positive behaviours taken on.

Que. 8. What do you mean by Information, Education & Communication (IEC)?

Ans. 8. It is a process of working with individuals, communities and societies to develop communication strategy to promote positive health behaviours that are appropriate to their settings.

Que. 9. What are the components of good communication technique?

Ans. 9. The components are – 

1. Message should be from reliable source
2. Message should be clear
3. Good Channel (Individual, group & mass education) should be used.
4. Audience should be ready, interested and not occupied.
5. Feedback should be provided
6. Observe non-verbal cues
7. Promote active listening
8. Establish good relationship with the audience.

Que. 10. What are the different approaches in Health Education?

Ans. 10. There are four approaches in Health Education –

1. Regulatory Approach (Managed Prevention)
2. Service Approach
3. Educational Approach
4. Primary Health Care Approach

Que. 11. What do you mean by legal or regulatory approach?

Ans. 11. Any governmental intervention, direct or indirect, designed to alter human behaviour e.g., Child Marriage Act, Helmets on bike rule, warning of cancer on tobacco products etc.

Que. 12. What are the advantages of legal or regulatory approach?

Ans. 12. Simple and quick. Helpful in emergency situation.

Que. 13. What are the limitations of legal or regulatory approach?

Ans. 13. The limitations of legal or regulatory approach are as follows – 

1. Right of personal freedom is denied.
2. Difficult to enforce laws without a vast administrative infrastructure
3. Considerably expensive

Que. 14. What do you mean by Service Approach?

Ans. 14. To provide all the health services needed by the people at their doorsteps on the assumption that people would use them to improve their health.

Que. 15. What are the limitations of service approach?

Ans. 15. Not based on felt needs of the people.

Que. 16. Which is the most effective approach in health education?

Ans. 16. Educational approach as gives autonomy towards their own lives.

Que. 17. What are the components of educational approach?

Ans. 17. Three components – 

1. Motivation
2. Communication
3. Decision Making

Que. 18. What are the advantages of educational approach?

Ans. 18. The advantages of educational approach are – 

1. Results are permanent & enduring
2. Sufficient time for an individual to bring about changes and learning new facts and unlearning wrong information as well.

Que. 19. What do you mean by Primary Health Care Approach?

Ans. 19. New approach starting from people with their full participation and active involvement in the planning and delivery of health services based on principles of Quality Health Care via community involvement and inter-sectoral coordination.

Que. 20. What are the types of available audio-visual aids?

Ans. 20. Three types – Audio, Visual & Audio-visual.

Que. 21. What are the broad methods of health communication?

Ans. 21. Three broad methods – 

1. Individual/family communication
2. Group Communication
3. Mass (General Public) Communication.

Que. 22. What are the goals of communication?

Ans. 22. The goals of communication are – 

1. To explain
2. To get or give information
3. To inform
4. To motivate
5. To gain people’s attention

Que. 23. What are the barriers of communication?

Ans. 23. The barriers of communication are – 

1. Physiological – Difficulty in breathing
2. Psychological – Emotional disturbances, Level of intelligence, Language barrier
3. Environmental – Noise, Invisibility, Congestion
4. Cultural – Illiteracy, level of knowledge, custom, beliefs

Que. 24. What are the 7 Cs of communication?

Ans. 24. These are – 

1. Clear
2. Correct
3. Complete
4. Concrete
5. Concise
6. Consideration
7. Courteous

Que. 25. What is the purpose of the counselling?

Ans. 25. These are as follows – 

1. To help client manage their problem more effectively
2. To develop unused opportunities to cope
3. To help & empower clients to become more effective self-helpers in the future.

Que. 26. What are the advantages of group health education?

Ans. 26. Advantages are – 

1. Promotes behavioural change
2. Influences opinion
3. Motivates people
4. Help in developing critical thinking.

Que. 27. What are the methods of group health education?

Ans. 27. The methods are – 

1. Lectures
2. Demonstrations
3. Discussion Methods

Que. 28. What are the methods included in discussion methods?

Ans. 28. Discussion methods are – 

1. Group Discussion
2. Panel Discussion
3. Symposium
4. Workshop
5. Conferences
6. Seminars
7. Role play
8. Brain storming
9. Colloquy
10. Campaign
11. Focus group discussion
12. Delphi method

Que. 29. What do you mean by Didactic method of Communication?

Ans. 29. It is a one-way method of communication from communicator to the Audience e.g. Lectures

Que. 30. What are the disadvantages of didactic methods?

Ans. 30. Disadvantages of Didactic methods are- 

1. Knowledge is imposed
2. Little audience participation
3. Forced learning
4. No feedback
5. No change in human behavior

Que. 31. What do you mean by Socratic method of communication?

Ans. 31. It is a two-way method of communication in which both the communicator & the audience take part e.g. Panel Discussion, seminars etc.

Que. 32. Give few examples of psychological barriers of communication?

Ans. 32. Examples are – 

• Emotional Disturbances
• Neurosis
• Level of Intelligence
• Language or comprehension difficulties

Que. 33. Give few examples of Cultural barriers of Communication?

Ans. 33. Examples are –

• Illiteracy
• Levels of knowledge & understanding
• Customs, beliefs, religion & attitudes
• Socio economic class
• Cultural differences
• Language

Que. 34. Give few examples of Environmental barriers of communication.

Ans. 34. Examples include noise, too much gathering & invisibility.

Que. 35. What are the functions of a health communicator?

Ans. 35. Examples are – 

• Information
• Education
• Motivation
• Persuasion
• Counseling
• Health development
• Raising morals
• Organization

Que. 36. What do you mean by term `Health Education’?

Ans. 36. Health Education is a process that informs, motivates & helps people to adopt & maintain healthy practices & lifestyles.

Que. 37. What are the aims & objectives of Health education?

Ans. 37. 1) to encourage people to adopt & maintain health promoting lifestyles & Practices.

         2) To promote utilization of available health services.

         3) To ensure community participation in health development.

         4) To improvise people’s skills & their attitude in solving their problems

Que. 38. What are the methods of communication for individual approach?

Ans. 38. 1) Personal contacts

         2) Home visits

         3) Personal letters

Que. 39. Which method of communication is it when 4-8 qualified persons discuss a topic in front of a large audience?

Ans. 39. Panel discussion

Que. 40. What is the most important step in health education of a community?

Ans. 40. Knowledge of local needs.

Que. 41. What do you mean by lecture?

Ans. 41. It is a carefully prepared oral presentation of facts, organized thoughts & ideas by a qualified person.

Que. 42. What do you mean by demonstration?

Ans. 42. These are carefully prepared presentation to show how to perform a skill or procedure.

Que. 43. What are the merits of Demonstrations?

Ans. 43. Merits of demonstration are – 

1. Dramatization helps in creating interest.
2. Persuades the learners to adopt recommended practices
3. Helps learners in learning by doing
4. Brings desirable changes in behaviour regarding the use of new practices
5. Have a high educational value
6. Have a high motivational value.

Que. 44. What is the role of group leader in group discussion?

Ans. 44. The role of group leader is – 

1. Initiates the subject of discussion
2. Helps the discussion to take place in proper manner
3. Prevents side-conversations
4. Encourages every-one to participate
5. Sums up the discussion in the end.

Que. 45. What should be the group size for effective group discussion?

Ans. 45. 6-12 members.

Que. 46. What do you mean by panel discussion?

Ans. 46. In panel discussion, 4-8 qualified persons talk & discuss about a problem or topic, in front of a large group of audience, under the guidance of a chairperson or a moderator.

Que. 47. What is a symposium?

Ans. 47. It is a series of speeches on a selected subject. Each person or expert presents an aspect of the subject briefly followed by a comprehensive summary at the end by chairperson. There is no discussion among symposium members.

Que. 48. What are the advantages of a workshop?

Ans. 48. Learning takes place in a friendly, happy and a democratic environment under expert guidance.

Que. 49. What do you mean by role-playing?

Ans. 49. It is a socio-cultural drama in which the situation is dramatized by a group. The ideal size of the group should be 25.

Que. 50. What do you mean by Colloquy?

Ans. 50. A colloquy is an informal method of discussion which consists of a modified form of panel, using one group of 3-4 persons from the audience and another group of 3-4 experts on the subject to be considered.

The panel members elected from the audience present the problem and experts comment on various aspects of the problem, under the guidance of a moderator.

Que. 51. What do you mean by focus group discussion?

Ans. 51. It is a group discussion of 6-20 persons guided by a facilitator during which group members talk freely and spontaneously on a given topic or health problem.

Que. 52. What is the purpose of Focus Group Discussion (FGD)?

Ans. 52. To obtain in depth information on concept, ideas & perceptions of the group on a particular topic. It is an important tool of qualitative research.

Que. 53. What are the advantages of FGD?

Ans. 53. The advantages of FGD are – 

1. Cost-effective
2. Quality data enhanced by group participants
3. Enjoyable for participants
4. Can quickly assess the extent to which there is agreement or diversity on an issue.

Que. 54. What is Delphi technique?

Ans. 54. Delphi technique is a judgmental forecasting procedure for obtaining, exchanging & developing informed opinion about future events.

Suggested Further Readings – 

• K. Park; Park’s textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine, 26th edition, 2021

• R. Bhalwar; textbook of Public health & Community Medicine, AFMC-WHO, 1st  edition, 2009

• Mahajan & Gupta; Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine; 4th edition
• AH Suryakantha; Community Medicine with Recent Advances, 3rd Edition.