Que.1. Which are the risk factors involved in Non-communicable Diseases?

Ans. 1. The risk factors are as follows –

• Cigarette use & other form of smoking
• Alcohol abuse
• Inability to access preventive health services(e.g. for hypertension & diabetes management & cancer detection)
• Life style changes
• Environmental risk factors (e.g. occupational hazards, air & water pollution etc.)
• Stress factors
• Poor health seeking behavior.

Que. 2. What are the modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease?

Ans. 2. Cigarette smoking, High blood pressure, elevated serum cholesterol, Diabetes, obesity, sedentary habits & stress.

Que. 3. What are the not modifiable risk factors for coronary heart disease?

Ans. 3.  Age, Sex, Family history, Genetic factors & Personality.

Que. 4. How will you classify blood pressure measurements?

Ans. 4. NORMAL ———————————————————- 130/85 mm of Hg

High Normal —————————————————— 130-139/85-90 mm of Hg

Hypertension

Mild —————————————————————– 140-159/90-99 mm of Hg

Moderate ———————————————————– 160 -179/ 100-109 mm of Hg

Severe ————————————————————— > 180/110 mm of Hg

Que. 5. What do you mean by term isolated systolic hypertension?

Ans. 5. Systolic blood pressure ————– >140 mm of Hg

Diastolic Blood Pressure ————- <90 mm of Hg.

Que. 6. What are the sources of errors in the recording of blood pressure?

Ans. 6. Three sources of errors in the recording of blood pressure are –

• Observer Errors – e.g. hearing acuity, interpretation of korotkow sounds.
• Instrumental errors – e.g. leaking valve, cuffs that do not encircle arms.
• Subject errors – e.g. circumstances of examination( environment, fear, anxiety etc)

Que. 7. When will you call a hypertension secondary hypertension?

Ans. 7. When hypertension results from some other disease process or abnormality, it is called secondary hypertension.

Que. 8. Name the diseases responsible for secondary hypertension.

Ans. 8. The diseases are –

• Diseases of kidney ( chronic pyelonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis)
• Tumors of adrenal glands
• Congenital narrowing of aorta
• Toxemias of pregnancy

Que. 9.  In which diseases, is high blood pressure a risk factor?

Ans. 9.   – Stroke

• Coronary Heart Disease
• Heart Failure
• Kidney Failure

Que. 10. Which disease does follow rule of halves?

Ans. 10. Hypertension

Que. 11. Which disease has obesity, high salt intake and saturated fat intake as risk factor?

Ans. 11. Hypertension.

Que. 12. What is the WHO definition for stroke?

Ans. 12. Rapidly developed clinical signs of focal disturbance of cerebral function, lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death, with no apparent cause other than vascular origin.

Que. 13. Which is the most frequent form of stroke encountered in clinical studies?

Ans. 13. Cerebral thrombosis.

Que. 14. What are the risk factors for Stroke?

Ans. 14. 1) Hypertension

2) Other Factors

– LVH

– Cardiac dilatation

– Diabetes

– elevated blood lipids

– Obesity

– Smoking

-OCPs

Que. 15. What is the prevalence of RHD in India?

Ans. 15. 5-7 per thousand in 5-15-year age group.

Que. 16. What is the causative organism of Rheumatic Fever?

Ans. 16. Group A streptococcus serotype M type 5 & Coxsachie Virus B – 4.

Que. 17. What are the major manifestations of Rheumatic Fever?

Ans. 17. 1) Carditis

2) Polyarthritis

3) Chorea

4) Erythema marginatum

5) Subcutaneous nodules.

Que. 18. Which is the High Risk Groups for Rheumatic Fever?

Ans. 18. 1) School Age Children (5-15 Years)

2) Slum dwellers

3) Those living in closed communities (e.g. Barracks)

Que. 19. What are the type of carriers found in Group A Streptococcus infections?

Ans. 19. Convalescent, transient & chronic carriers.

Que. 20. What is the aim of primary Prevention in Rheumatic Fever?

Ans. 20. Aim is to prevent the first attack of RF, by identifying all patients with streptococcal throat infections and treating them with penicillin.

Que. 21. What are the main categories of Cancers?

Ans. 21. There are three major categories of cancers

• Carcinomas
• Sarcomas
• Lymphomas, myeloma & leukaemia

Que. 22. What do you mean by term Secondary cancer?

Ans. 22. Secondary cancers are those cancers which have spread to regional lymph nodes and distant organs.

Que. 23. Which cancer is most prevalent all over the world?

Ans. 23. Breast Cancer.

Que. 24. In all over world which cancer is most common among females?

Ans. 24. Breast Cancer.

Que. 25. Which cancers are more common in males in all over the world?

Ans. 25. Lung Cancer, Stomach, oral cavity, oesophageal, liver & Bladder Cancers.

Que.26. Which cancers are associated with chronic infections?

Ans. 26. Cancers which are associated with chronic infections are as follows –

• Liver Cancer————————– Hepatitis B & C
• Cervical Cancer ——————— Human papilloma Virus
• Stomach Cancer ——————– Helicobacter Pylori.

Que. 27. Which cancer is most common in females in India?

Ans. 27. Cancer of Breast , second most common – Cancer of Cervix.

Que. 28. Which is the most common single cause of cancers of males in India?

Ans. 28. Tobacco intake.

Que. 29. Which is the most common cancer in males in India?

Ans. 29. Cancer Oropharynx

Que. 30. What are the cancers showing genetic influence?

Ans. 30. Retinoblastoma & Leukemia.

Que. 31. What are the environmental factors responsible for cancer causation?

Ans. 31.  –      Tobacco

• Alcohol
• Dietary factors
• Occupational Exposures
• Viruses
• Parasites
• Customs, habits & Lifestyles
• Others- Sunlight, Radiation, drugs etc.

Que. 32. What are the cancers associated with excessive alcohol consumption?

Ans. 32. Oesophageal, liver & Rectal cancers.

Que. 33. Which malignancies are caused by Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)?

Ans. 33. Burkett’s Lymphoma & Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Que. 34. Which parasitic disease is associated with bladder cancer?

Ans. 34. Schistosomiasis (especially in middle east).

Que. 35. What is the aim of Cancer Education?

Ans. 35. The aim of cancer education is to motivate people to go for early diagnosis & early treatment.

Que. 36. What are the early warning signals of cancer?

Ans. 36. Early warning signals of cancer are –

• A lump or hard area in the breast
• A change in a wart or mole
• A persistent change in digestive & bowel habits
• A persistent cough or hoarseness
• Excessive loss of blood at menses or loss of blood apart from menses
• Blood loss from any natural orifice.
• A swelling or sore that does not get better
• Unexplained loss of weight.

Que. 37. What do you mean by cancer screening?

Ans. 37. Search for unrecognized malignancy by means of rapidly applied tests.

Que. 38. What are the common cancers for which screening test is available?

Ans. 38.  1) Cancer Cervix

2) Cancer breast

3) cancer lung

Que. 39. Which screening test is most sensitive & specific in detecting small breast tumors?

Ans. 39. Mammography.

Que. 40. What are the tests available for screening of lung cancer?

Ans. 40. Chest radiographs & sputum cytology.

Que. 41. What are the risk factors for carcinoma cervix?

Ans. 41. Risk factors are-

• Genital warts
• Single, divorced, separated, widowed women
• Multiple sex partners
• Early marriage
• Use of contraceptive pills
• Poor genital hygiene

Que. 42. What are the risk factors for breast cancer?

Ans. 42. The risk factors are –

• Positive family history of breast cancer
• Late age for the first child bearing
• Early menarche & late menopause
• Hormonal factors – both elevated estrogens & progestogens
• Prior breast biopsy for benign breast diseases
• High fatty diet & obesity
• Higher socioeconomic status
• Exposure to radiation

Que. 43. What are the risk factors associated with cancer of lung?

Ans. 43. 1) Smoking

2) Others – Air pollution, radiation, Exposure to asbestos, polycyclic aromatic  hydrocarbons & nickel containing dust.

Que. 44. What is the underlying cause of diabetes?

Ans. 44. Defective production or action of insulin hormone causing chronic hyperglycemia which in turn leads to various complications.

Que. 45. Which is the most severe form of Diabetes?

Ans. 45. Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM).

Que. 46. Which is the most common form of diabetes?

Ans. 46. Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM).

Que. 47. What is the prevalence of DM in adult people in India?

Ans. 47. Rural ————————- 2.4%

Urban ———————— 4 to 11.6%

Que. 48. Which genetic markers are associated with IDDM?

Ans. 48. HLA B 8 & B 15 and more powerfully with HLA DR3 & DR4.

NIDDM is not HLA associated.

Que. 49. What are the environmental risk factors associated with Diabetes?

Ans. 49. Risk factors associated are –

• Sedentary life styles
• High saturated fat intake
• Low dietary fibers
• Malnutrition in Childhood
• Obesity
• High alcohol intake
• Viral infections – rubella, mumps, human coxsachie virus B4
• Stress
• Chemical agents – Alloxan, streptozocin & rodenticide VALCOR

Que. 50. What are the screening tests used for detection of diabetes?

Ans. 50. 1) Urine test for glucose

2) Blood sugar test (OGTT)

Que. 51. Which individuals constitute high risk groups for screening of diabetes?

Ans. 51. 1) Age group 40 or more

2) Family history of diabetes

3) Obese

4) Women with born baby more than 3.5 kg

5) Excessive weight gain in pregnancy

6) Patients with premature atherosclerosis

Que. 52. Which is the most prevalent form of malnutrition?

Ans. 52. Obesity.

Que. 53. What do you mean by Body Mass Index (BMI)?

Ans. 53. It is a simple index which is commonly used to classify underweight, overweight & obesity in adults.

BMI = Wt (KG)/Ht (m)in square.

It is also called Quetelet’s index.

Que. 54. On the basis of BMI, when will you group a person obese?

Ans. 54. If BMI is equal to or greater than 30.0.

Que. 55. What is Broca’s index?

Ans. 55. It tells about ideal body weight of a person.

BI = Height in cm minus 100.

Que. 56. What are the Hazards of Obesity?

Ans. 56. Hazards are –

• NIDDM
• Gall bladder disease
• Dislipidaemia
• Insulin resistance
• Sleep Apnoea
• CHD
• Hypertension
• Osteoarthritis
• Hyperuricaemia & Gout
• Breathlessness
• Low back ache
• Decreased fertility.

Que. 57. How will you control obesity?

Ans. 57. Dietary modifications

Exercises

Yoga/ Meditation

Anti obesity drugs

Health Education.

Que. 58. When will you call a person blind?

Ans. 58.   Visual acuity 3/60 or unable to count fingers at 3 meters.

Que. 59. What are the main causes of blindness in India?

Ans. 59.  Cataract

Refractive errors

Glaucoma

Posterior segment pathology

Corneal opacity

Childhood blindness (Vit. A deficiency)

Que. 60. Which is the most common cause of blindness in India?

Ans. 60. Cataract.

Que. 61. How will you define Accidents?

Ans. 61. An unexplained, unplanned occurrence which may involve injury.

Que. 62. Which is the most common type of accident in India?

Ans. 62. Road traffic accidents.

Que. 63. Which is the most dangerous occupation in terms of accidents?

Ans. 63. Mining.

Que. 64. What are the frequent causes of domestic accidents?

Ans. 64. Drowning

Burns

Poisioning

Falls

Injuries from Sharp & pointed instruments

Bites by animals

Que. 65. Name 3 most commonly occurring cancers in India.

Ans. 65. Cancer Breast, Cancer Cervix & Cancer oral cavity.

Que. 66. When was the National Program for prevention & control of cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases & stroke (NPCDCS) initiated?

Ans. 66. In 100 districts in 2010.

Que. 67. What do you mean by chronic diseases?

Ans. 67. As per Commission on chronic illness in USA, it is defined as “Comprising all impairments & deviations from normal, which have one or more of the following characteristics

• Are permanent.
• Leave residual disability
• Are caused by non-reversible pathological alterations
• Require special training of the patient for rehabilitation
• May be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation & care.

Que. 68. What do you mean by degenerative diseases?

Ans. 68. Disease in which cause is unknown and course of disease is progressive.

Que. 69. Name non-communicable diseases causing significant morbidity and mortality in India.

Ans. 69. Such NCDs are –

• Cardiovascular diseases
• Cancer
• Chronic respiratory diseases
• Diabetes

Que. 70. Name behavioral risk factors associated with NCDs in India.

Ans. 70. Behavioral risk factors associated with NCDs in India are –

• Tobacco use
• Unhealthy diet
• Physical inactivity
• Excess alcohol intake

Que. 71. What is epidemiological transition ratio?

Ans. 71. DALYs caused by communicable, maternal, neonatal & nutritional diseases / DALYs caused by NCDs & Injuries.

Que. 72. What should be the epidemiological transition ratio favoring NCDs?

Ans. 72. < 1.

Que. 73. What is the range of epidemiological transition ratio in India?

Ans. 73. From 0.16 in Kerala to 0.74 in Bihar.

Que. 74. What is the target in Sustainable Development Goals related to NCDs?

Ans. 74. Target 3.4 asks for a one third reduction in premature mortality from NCDS by year 2030.

Que. 75. What are the symptoms of heart attack?

Ans. 75. The symptoms of heart attack are as follows –

• Pain or discomfort in the center or left side of chest
• Pain or discomfort in the arms, shoulder (left), elbows, jaw or back
• Breathlessness
• Sweating
• Vomiting
• Feeling light headed or faint
•  

Que. 76. What are the symptoms of stroke?

Ans. 76. The symptoms of stroke are as follows –

• Sudden weakness of the face, arm or leg; most often on one side of body (Hemiplegia).
• Numbness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of body.
• Confusion and disorientation
• Difficulty in vision
• Difficulty in walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
• Unexplained headache
• Fainting or loss of consciousness

Que. 77. How will you define coronary heart disease?

Ans. 77. Impairment of heart function due to inadequate blood flow to the heart as compared to its needs, caused by obstructive changes in coronary circulation to heart.

Que. 78. What is the prevalence rate of CHD in India?

Ans. 78. Urban area – 6.4

Rural area – 2.5.

Que. 79. How will you prevent CHD in a community?

Ans. 79. CHD in a community may be prevented by –

• Population Strategy –
• Prevention in whole population
• Primordial Prevention
• High Risk Strategy –
• Identifying risk
• Specific advice
• Secondary Prevention –
• Early diagnosis & Treatment.

Que. 80. What are the type of errors in the measurement of blood pressure?

Ans. 80. Typical errors in the measurement of blood pressure are as follows –

• Observation Errors – e.g. hearing acquity, Interpretation of Korotkow sounds.
• Instrumental Errors – Leaking valves, cuffs not appropriate
• Subject Errors – e.g. Physical Environment, position of subject, external stimuli such as fear, anxiety etc.

Que. 81. What is the rule of halves?

Ans. 81. Only about half of the hypertensive subjects in the general population of most developed countries were aware of the condition, only half of those aware of the problem were being treated, and only about half of those treated were considered adequately treated.

Que. 82. What is the prevalence of hypertension in India?

Ans. 82. Men – 15%; Women – 11%.

Que. 83. What is the use of tracking phenomenon in hypertension?

Ans. 83. In identifying children & adolescents “at risk” of developing hypertension at a future time.

Que. 84. How will you prevent hypertension in a given community?

Ans. 84. Hypertension in a community can be prevented by –

• Primary Prevention –
• Population strategy
• High Risk strategy
• Secondary Prevention –
• Early diagnosis
• Treatment
• Patient Compliance

Que. 85. What is the aim of stroke control program?

Ans. 85. To apply at community level, effective control measures for the prevention of stroke.

Que. 86. What are the main components of Jai Vigyan Mission Mode Project on community control of Rheumatic fever or Rheumatic Heart Disease?

Ans. 86. The main components are –

• To study the epidemiology of streptococcal sore throats.
• Ensure registries for RF/RHD
• Vaccine development on streptococcal infection
• Advanced study on pathological aspects of RF/RHD

Que. 87. What does WHO criteria (2002-2003) for the diagnosis of Rheumatic fever (RF) & Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) facilitate?

Ans. 87. Diagnosis of –

• Primary RF
• Recurrent episodes of RF in patients without RHD
• Recurrent episodes of RF in patients with RHD
• Rheumatic Chorea
• Insidious onset rheumatic carditis
• Chronic RHD

Que. 88. What do you mean by primary tumour?

Ans. 88. Cancer at the original site and no further spread.

Que. 89. Name top 5 most frequent cancers worldwide.

And. 89. Top 5 most frequent cancers worldwide are as follows –

• Breast Cancer
• Lung cancer
• Colorectal cancer
• Prostate Cancer
• Stomach Cancer

Que. 90. Name top 5 most common cancers in India.

Ans. 90. Top 5 most common cancers in India are as follows –

• Breast Cancer
• Cancer Lip & Oral Cavity
• Cancer cervix uteri
• Lung cancer
• Colorectal Cancer

Que. 91. Which are the cancers associated with tobacco intake in any form?

Ans. 91. Cancer of lung, larynx, mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, bladder, pancreas and probably kidney.

Que. 92. Which are the cancers associated with excess alcohol consumption?

Ans. 92. Oesophageal & liver cancers.

Que. 93. Which cancer is associated with high beer consumption?

Ans. 93. Cancer of rectum.

Que. 94. Which virus infection is associated with Carcinoma cervix?

Ans. 94. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).

Que. 95. Which are the primary preventive measures in cancer control?

Ans. 95. Primary preventive measures are –

• Control of tobacco & alcohol consumption
• Personal Hygiene
• Protection from radiation
• Protection from occupational exposure
• Immunization e.g. Hepatitis B Vaccine & HPV vaccine
• Testing of food, drugs & cosmetics for carcinogens
• Control of air pollution
• Treatment of precancerous lesions
• Legislation
• Cancer education.

Que. 96. Which are the secondary preventive measures in cancer control?

Ans. 96. Secondary preventive measures of cancer control are as follows –

• Cancer Registration
• Hospital based registries
• Population based registries
• Early diagnosis of cases
• Treatment

Que. 97. Which screening method is used for screening of Carcinoma cervix in India?

Ans. 97. Visual inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA).

Que. 98. Which are the screening methods for breast cancer?

Ans. 98. The screening methods for breast cancer are –

• Breast self-examination
• Palpation by a physician
• Thermography
• Mammography

Que. 99. What are the disadvantages of mammography?

Ans. 99. The disadvantages of mammography are as follows –

• Exposure to radiation
• Costly equipment & skilled doctor is required
• Gives sometimes false positive results

Que. 100. Which are the screening methods for lung cancers?

Ans. 100. Chest radiograph & Sputum cytology.

Que. 101. What are the reasons for fall of incidence of cervical cancer in developed countries?

Ans. 101. The reasons for fall of incidence of cervical cancer are –

• Improved public health Measures (Screening procedures)
• Life style modifications
• Pap smear screening

Que. 102. What is the classification of HPV as per WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer?

Ans. 102. Three groups –

• Carcinogenic (type 16 & 18)
• Probably Carcinogenic ( type 31 & 33)
• Possibly Carcinogenic (Other types except 6 & 11)

Que. 103. Which are the high risk behaviour associated with cancer cervix?

Ans. 103. Associated high risk behaviour with cancer cervix are as follows –

• Early Coitarche (Age at first coitus<20 years)
• Early marriage
• Multiple child births
• Frequent change of partners

Que. 104. At what age, first screening of cervical cancer should be scheduled?

Ans. 104. 30 years of age or 2 years after the first child birth.

Que. 105. At what interval, regular screening for cervical cancer should be done?

Ans. 105. 3 yearly interval.

Que. 106. What is the goal of elimination of cervical cancer?

Ans. 106. Following targets for each of 3 pillars to be achieved by 2030 –

• 90% HPV vaccination coverage of eligible girls
• 70% screening coverage with a high performance test
• 90% of women with a positive screening test or a cervical lesion managed appropriately

Que. 107. What do you mean by Diabetes Mellitus?

Ans. 107. It is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia in the absence of treatment.

Que. 108. Which are the diseases for which diabetic patients are at risk?

Ans. 108. The disease are –

• Heart disease
• Peripheral arterial disease
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Tuberculosis
• Obesity
• Cataract
• Erectile dysfunction
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Que. 109. How will you classify obesity as per body mass index (BMI)?

Ans. 109.

Que. 110. How will you assess obesity?

Ans. 110. Obesity can be assessed by –

• Body weight
• Body Mass Index (Quetelet’s Index)
• Ponderal Index
• Brocca’s Index
• Lorentz’s formula
• Corpulence Index
• Skinfold thickness
• Waist circumference & Waist: Hip Ratio (WHR)
• Others

Que. 111. How will you calculate Corpulence Index?

Ans. 111. Actual weight/Desirable weight

This should not exceed 1.2.

Que. 112. Worldwide which are the two indices commonly used in the assessment of obesity?

Ans. 112. The two widely used indices are –

• BMI
• Brocca’s Index

Que. 113. What is the use of Herpenden Skin Calipers?

Ans. 113. Skin fold thickness management for assessment of obesity.

Que. 114. How will you define Blindness?

Ans. 114. As per WHO, “Visual acquity of less than 3/60 (Snellen) or its equivalent”.

Que. 115. Worldwide, which are the major causes of blindness?

Ans. 115. Major causes of blindness are –

• Un-operated Cataract
• Un-corrected refractive errors
• Glaucoma

Que. 116. Which are the three major causes of blindness in India?

Ans. 116. Major causes of blindness in India are –

• Un-treated cataract
• Cataract surgical operations
• Non-trachomatous corneal opacities.

Que. 117. What proportion of total deaths can be attributed to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India?

Ans. 117. 60%.

Que. 118. What is the focus of National program for prevention & control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease & Stroke (NPCDCS)?

Ans. 118. The focus of NPCDCS is to enable opportunistic screening for common NCDs, at district & CHC level, through the setting up of the NCD Clinics.

Que. 119. What is the aim of WHO global action plan for the prevention & control of NCDs (2013-2020)?

Ans. 119. 25% relative reduction in premature mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes & chronic respiratory disease by 2025.

Que. 120. What are the diseases covered under Cardio-vascular disease (CVD)?

Ans. 120. Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD), Hypertension, Stroke, Congenital Heart Disease & Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD).

Que. 121. Which control measures have shown reduction in the risk of CVD?

Ans. 121. The control measures are –

• Cessation of tobacco use
• Reduced intake of salt
• Consuming fruits & vegetables
• Regular physical activity
• Discontinuing harmful alcohol consumption.

Que. 122. How will you define case fatality rate of CHD?

Ans. 122. It is defined as the proportion of attacks that are fatal within 28 days of onset.

Que. 123. Which is the most frequent single cause of death among men under 65 years of age?

Ans. 123. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).

Que. 124. What are the ill effects of saturated fat intake?

Ans. 124. Increase in blood pressure & serum cholesterol.

Que. 125. Which is the most frequent form of stroke?

Ans. 125. Cerebral thrombosis followed by haemorrhage.

Que. 126. Which infection does generally precede the onset of rheumatic fever (RF)?

Ans. 126. Streptococcal sore throat.

Que. 127. Which are the factors affecting cancer cervix in females?

Ans. 127. Poor genital hygiene, early marriage, multiple pregnancies & contacts with multiple sex partners.

Que. 128. Which are the factors affecting cancer breast in females?

Ans. 128. Late marriage, birth of 1^st child at late age, fewer children & shorter periods of breastfeeding.

Que. 129. What proportion of all human cancers can be attributed to environmental factors?

Ans. 129. 80-90%.

Que. 130. Which type of hepatitis can lead to hepato-cellular carcinoma?

Ans. 130. Hepatitis B & C.

Que. 131. Which screening test is most sensitive & specific in detecting small tumours in breast?

Ans. 131. Mammography.

Que. 132. Screening of which infection is very important in the prevention and management of cervical cancer?

Ans. 132. Human papilloma virus (HPV).

Que. 133. Which is the commonest strain of HPV being responsible for over 80% of cancer cervix?

Ans. 133. Type 16 HPV.

Que. 134. What are the main histological types of carcinoma of cervix?

Ans. 134. Two types –

• Squamous cell carcinoma (85-90%)
• Adenocarcinoma (10-15%)

Adenocarcinoma is typically endocervical.

Que. 135. What is the mortality burden of India for cancer cervix?

Ans. 135. 25% of global cervical cancer mortality burden in 2018.

Que. 136. What is the role of Day Care Centers in NCD Program?

Ans. 136. Being used for providing cancer chemotherapy.

Que. 137. When world cancer day is celebrated every year?

Ans. 137. February 4 every year.

Que. 138. What was the theme of World Cancer Day in 2022?

Ans. 138. The theme of 2022 was Close the gaps.

Que. 139. When National Cancer Awareness Day is celebrated every year?

Ans. 139. November 7.

Que. 140. On the basis of waist: hip ratio, when will you say that person is obese?

Ans. 140. Waist: Hip Ratio —– >1.0 in Men

—— > 0.85 in women.

Que. 141. What is the incidence of Cleft Lip & Palate worldwide?

Ans. 141. >1 in 1000 newborns.

Suggested Further Readings –

• Park; Park’s textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine, 26^th edition, 2021
• Bhalwar; textbook of Public health & Community Medicine, AFMC-WHO, 1^st edition, 2009
• Mahajan & Gupta; Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine; 4^th edition
• AH Suryakantha; Community Medicine with Recent Advances, 3^rd